Learning and Memorizing Latin Declension Endings

Learning and Memorizing Latin Declension Endings For the most part, understudies learn each Latin declension in turn, so there is just one complete arrangement of endings to learn. On the off chance that you dont learn them when they are appointed, it will be more earnestly when you have at least two sets to retain together. The First Three Declensions Are Basic This wont assist you with breezing through your assessments, yet... in the event that for reasons unknown you are stuck learning each of the five Latin declensions on the double, it ought to be to some degree soothing to realize that the fourth and fifth arent that normal, so on the off chance that you know the initial three, you will know unmistakably over 60%. [Note: some normal words are in the fourth and fifth declension.] The accompanying recommendations depend on the possibility that once you have the initial three down, the others will be sufficiently simple. Utilize Your Own Learning Style Particularly for individuals who learn like me a style I accumulate is called material or sensation learning: compose the declensions again and again and over once more. Search for your own examples. At that point think of them again and again and over once more. I used to do this on a blackboard which I could continue eradicating and composing over, in spite of the fact that the perfect would presumably be the old Roman school young men wax secured squares of wood with a pointer. Some may discover taking a gander at cheat sheets or saying the word again and again works better. Perceive the Most Important and Least Used Forms The vocative and locative are uncommon, so learning only the nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative, ought to get you through generally Latin. Obviously, these cases have a particular and a plural structure. Know the Equivalent in Your Native Language In light of my absolute first sorrowful day of Latin, it assists with realizing that these cases have counterparts in English. The nominative is the subject and the accusative is the article. The accusative can likewise be the object of a relational word. The ablative is additionally the object of a relational word, and the dative is called backhanded item in English, which implies it will be made an interpretation of as to or for in addition to the thing. Perceive Regularities In Greek and Latin the nominative and accusative plural end in a for neuters.Since the main declension solitary nominative and ablative additionally end in an, it is exceptionally valuable to discover that the primary declension particular ablative has a long imprint or macron over it.The dative and ablative plural for the most part end in will be in the first and second declension and in the third declension (and every so often, the principal), the s is isolated from its vowel by a bu as in the third declension thing hostibuus and the principal declension filiabus.The genitive plural consummation can be thought of as um with prefixes of ar in the main declension and ur in the second declension.A is the vowel of the primary declension and u or o for the second.The accusative particular has the vowel of the declension a/u/e in addition to m. The plural has the vowel an/o/e in addition to s.The nominative and genitive solitary are appeared in the word reference structure, so once the l exical thing is known, the genitive should be obvious.The dative particular for the first declension is equivalent to the genitive singular.In the second and third declensions, the dative and ablative are the equivalent. Compose the declensions again and again and over once more.

Case study of an organization that has experienced or is experiencing Essay

Contextual analysis of an association that has encountered or is encountering a moral predicament - Essay Example Furthermore, regardless of the corporation’s endeavors to tidy up its picture in the worldwide commercial center, for the most part by propelling Fair-exchange items different created nations, as of late Nestl㠩’s notoriety was harmed considerably more by the equivalent ethically indefensible strategies it utilized decades back (Merrett, 2007). Our contextual investigation, be that as it may, will concentrate explicitly on the debate which Nestlã © Corporation brought upon itself decades back during the 1970s by using sketchy showcasing rehearses in offering its items to defenseless moms in creating countries. These practices award a perfect chance to apply regulating moral speculations in an evaluative setting. The standardizing hypotheses of enthusiasm here will be those of deontology’s obligation driven methodology and utilitarianism’s center upon bliss fulfillment as the most elevated level of good activity. This methodology will ideally uncover the spoiled center of Nestlã © Corporation’s past treatment of sound creatures; regardless of whether the case the organization has really changed these techniques through time stays for another conversation. The current conversation, by centering upon deontology and utilitarianism explicitly, will analyze the Kantian ideas of finishes, utilitarian thoughts of significant worth, and the clear absence of good substance backing Nestl㠩’s activities. Nestlã © Corporation goes back to the mid-nineteenth century when American businesspeople got together with Henri Nestlã ©, a food designer, to make what might turn into the highlight of the organization. All through the rest of the nineteenth century, the organization would keep on creating historic food items. All through the twentieth century, the firm proceeded to innovateâ€growing ever bigger through acquisitions and mergers. As of late, Nestl㠩’s line of items has spun around a wide scope of merchandise, including espresso, water, dessert, newborn child nourishments, seasonings, solidified nourishments, refrigerated food sources, pet nourishments, and wholesome items (Nestlã © Corporation). The organization’s expressed

Literary Activism of the U.S. Womans Suffrage Movement

Literary Activism of the U.S. Womans Suffrage Movement Book Riot is featuring ways to be a literary activist this week. See all the posts here. On January 8th, 1868, Susan B. Anthony and George Francis Train launched the first womans suffrage newspaper in the U.S. The Revolution with the slogan Women, Their Rights, and Nothing Less. Between 1878 and 1890, 33 womans suffrage newspapers followed suit. From the beginning of the movement, writing helped women share with other women their outrage at patriarchy  and their struggles for equality. They were  literary activists. But journalism wasnt the only kind of literary activism  early feminists  used. Many turned to novels, poetry, letter writing, and other written forms.  Yet  even with their amazing contributions, it took 72 years after  the Seneca Falls convention before  women finally acquired  the right to vote with the ratification of the 19th amendment. 72 years! In honor of these women, Ive compiled a list of literary activists of the suffrage movement. So  many women contributed their creative energy and literary talents to this movement; this is only a small number. Judith Sargent Murray.  An essayist, playwright, poet, and letter writer, Murrays considered one of the earliest feminists, and her seminal essay On the Equality of the Sexes predates Mary Wollstonecrafts A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. Murray asks in her most famous essay: Is it reasonable, that a candidate for immortality, for the joys of heaven, an intelligent being, who is to spend an eternity in contemplating the works of the Deity, should at present be so degraded, as to be allowed no other ideas, than those which are suggested by the mechanism of a pudding, or the sewing the seams of a garment? Pity that all such censurers of female improvement do not go one step further, and deny their future existence; to be consistent they surely ought. Ouch. Read Judith Sargent Murray: A Brief Biography with Documents and Selected Writings of Judith Sargent Murray Lucy Stone.  A powerhouse of womans suffrage, Stones contribution to the movement is considered as significant as Susan B. Anthonys and Elizabeth Cady Stantons, though she  did not always agree with them (particularly over the passing of the 15th amendment).  In terms of literary activism, Stone edited the most important journal of the movement Womans Journal. Founded by Stone and her husband Henry Blackwell in 1870, she edited the journal until she died, but it continued after her, eventually picked up by Carrie Chapman Catt. By  1915, it had thirty thousand readers. This weekly journal kept women across the U.S. informed of  the latest news concerning womens issues and the suffrage movement, from child labor laws to anti-suffrage machinations. In education, in marriage, in religion, in everything, disappointment is the lot of women. It shall be the business of my life to deepen that disappointment in every womans heart until she bows down to it no longer. And you were successful, Lucy Stone. Read  Lucy Stone: An Unapologetic Life Frances Ellen Watkins Harper.  Abolitionist. Aided  the underground railroad. Womans suffragist. Poet. First black woman to publish a short story. Co-founder of the National Association of Colored Women (NACW). In other words, a badass writer extraordinaire. She refused to bow down to any discrimination, and used her words to fight oppression in all its forms. Heres the final stanza of one such poem: No golden weights can turn the scale Of justice in His sight; And what is wrong in woman’s life In man’s cannot be right. From A Double Standard Read Iola Leroy, A Brighter Day, and Discarded Legacy Lillie Devereux Blake. A novelist and journalist,  Blake led  the New York Suffrage Association, among other suffrage organizations. She was the primary contributor to Elizabeth Cady Stantons Womans Bible, and her fiction often subversively questioned gender norms. She believed the womans movement should apply itself to  broader concerns instead of fixating on the right to vote, which at times put her at odds with Susan B. Anthony. We are tired of the pretense that we have special privileges and the reality that we have none; of the fiction that we are queens, and the fact that we are subjects; of the symbolism which exalts our sex but is only a meaningless mockery. Read Fettered for Life  and  Lillie Devereux Blake: Retracing a Life Erased Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin. With the help of  Ida B. Wells, Ruffin  founded the New Era Club, an advocacy group for black women. And for the club, she edited the  first newspaper published by and for black women   The Womans Era. Shes considered one of the leading activists in organizing black women to womans suffrage, and directly addressed the racism of the movement: Too long have we been silent under unjust and unholy charges . . . Year after year southern women have protested against the admission of colored women into any national organization on the ground of the immortality of these women, and because all refutation has only been tried by individual work, the charge has never been crushed . . . It is to break this silence, not by noisy protestations of what we are not, but by a dignified showing of what we are and hope to become, that we are impelled to take this step, to make of this gathering an object lesson to the world. Read Let Nobody Turn Us Around: An African American Anthology Charlotte Perkins Gilman. Remember reading The Yellow Wallpaper? Then you know the power of Gilmans words. If you were  as moved and haunted by that short story as I was, then you should read more. Her 1898 piece of investigative journalism Women and Economics was incredibly important  for twentieth-century feminism. And Carrie Chapman Catt considered her one of the most influential womans rights activists. Only as we live, think, feel, and work outside the home, do we become humanly developed, civilized, socialized. I agree. Read  Women and Economics, The Yellow Wallpaper and Other Stories, and Herland Discover  more fantastic early feminists.

How Radioactive Is Fiesta Ware

Old Fiesta dinnerware was made using radioactive glazes. While the red pottery is noted for its especially high radioactivity, other colors emit radiation. Also, other pottery from the era was glazed using similar recipes, so just about any pottery from the early to mid 20th century  may be radioactive. The dishes are highly collectible, both because of their vivid colors (and because the radioactivity is cool.) But is it really safe to eat off these dishes or are they best thought of as decorative pieces to be admired from afar?  Heres a look at just how radioactive the dishes are today and the risks of using them for serving food. Whats In Fiesta Thats Radioactive? Some of the glazes used in Fiesta Ware contain uranium oxide. Although several colors of glazes contain the ingredient, the red dinnerware is best known for its radioactivity. The uranium emits alpha particles and neutrons. Although the alpha particles dont have much penetrating power, the uranium oxide could leach from the dinnerware, particularly if a dish was cracked (which also would release toxic lead) or the food was highly acidic (like spaghetti sauce). The half-life of uranium-238 is 4.5 billion years, so you can rest assured pretty much all of the original uranium oxide remains in the dishes. Uranium decays into thorium-234, which emits beta and gamma radiation. The thorium isotope has a half-life of 24.1 days. Continuing the decay scheme, the dishes would be expected to contain some protactinium-234, which emits beta and gamma radiation, and uranium-234, which emits alpha and gamma radiation. Just How Radioactive Is Fiesta Ware? There is no evidence that the people who made these dishes suffered any ill effects from exposure to the glazes, so you probably dont have a lot to worry about by just being around the dishes. That being said, scientists at Oak Ridge National Laboratory who measured radiation from the dishes  found that a standard 7 radioactive red plate (not its official Fiesta name) will expose you to gamma radiation if youre in the same room as the plate, beta radiation if you touch the plate, and alpha radiation if you eat acidic foods off the plate. The exact radioactivity is difficult to measure since so many factors play into your exposure, but youre looking at 3-10 mR/hr. The estimated daily human limit rate is only 2 mR/hr. In case youve wondered just how much uranium that is, researchers estimate a single red plate contains approximately 4.5 grams of uranium or 20% uranium, by weight. If you eat off the radioactive dinnerware  daily, you would be looking at ingesting around  0.21 gram s of uranium per year. Using a red ceramic teacup daily would give you an estimated  annual radiation dose of 400 mrem to your lips and 1200 mrem to the fingers, not counting the radiation from ingesting uranium. Basically, youre not doing yourself any favors eating off the dishes and you certainly dont want to sleep with one under your pillow. Ingestion of uranium could increase the risk of tumors or cancer, particularly in the gastrointestinal tract. However, Fiesta and other dishes are a lot less radioactive than many other items produced during the same era. Which Fiesta Ware Is Radioactive? Fiesta commenced commercial sales of colored dinnerware in 1936.  Most colored  ceramics made prior to World War II, including Fiesta Ware, contained uranium oxide. In 1943, manufacturers stopped using the ingredient because the uranium was used for weapons.  Homer Laughlin, the maker of Fiesta, resumed using the  red glaze in the 1950s, using depleted uranium. The use of depleted uranium oxide ceased in 1972. Fiesta Ware manufactured after this date is not radioactive. Fiesta dinnerware made from 1936-1972 may be radioactive. You can buy modern Fiesta ceramic dishes in just about any color of the rainbow, though the modern colors wont match the old colors. None of the dishes contain lead or uranium. None of the modern dishes are radioactive. Sources Buckley et al. Environmental Assessment of Consumer Products Containing Radioactive Material. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. NUREG/CR-1775. 1980. Landa, E. and Councell, T. Leaching of Uranium from Glass and Ceramic Foodware and Decorative Items. Health Physics 63 (3): 343-348; 1992. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement.  Ã‚  Radiation Exposure of the  U.S.  Population from Consumer Products and Miscellaneous Sources.  Ã‚  NCRP Report N0. 95. 1987. Nuclear Regulatory Commission.  Ã‚  Systematic Radiological Assessment of Exemptions for Source and Byproduct Materials. NUREG 1717. June 2001 Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Fiesta Ware (ca. the 1930s). Retrieved April 23, 2014. Piesch, E, Burgkhardt, B, and Acton, R. Dose Rate Measurements in the Beta-Photon Radiation Field from UO2 Pellets and Glazed Ceramics Containing Uranium. Radiation Protection Dosimetry 14 (2): 109-112; 1986. Vaughn Aubuchon (2006).  Geiger Counter Comparison - Popular Models.  Retrieved April 23, 2014.

Ap Us History Dbq Essay - 786 Words

After the American Revolution, Americans, who had just broken free from the British, completely changed their politics, economy and society. The Founders decided to change how they wanted to run their society, even though, in the end, they went back to a more powerful federal government like Britain. Most people’s daily lives didn’t change much but the principles from the revolution made some try to look for better financial opportunities. Women, slaves, and loyalists were changed a lot in society. Women had more freedoms, some of the slaves were set free, and many loyalists left America. America did not go through much economic change, but it did experience social and political change. Since they had just fought a war to gain their†¦show more content†¦Similarly, in Shay’s Rebellion, Yeoman farmers in Massachusetts, according to Abigail Adams’ letter to Thomas Jefferson, â€Å"were crying out for a paper currency, some for an equal distribution of property† (Doc G). Shay’s Rebellion symbolizes the economic troubles that the poor had to deal with. The social change was the biggest change that happened in America. After the Revolution, the place of women, slaves, and loyalists in society was greatly altered. In order to teach justice and liberty to their children, women were educated in the ideals of Republican Motherhood. In a woodcut of a patriot woman made in 1779, a woman is shown with a rifle and gunpowder horn (Doc A). Some women did play bigger roles in society by going with the fighting soldiers and sometimes even fighting with them in the revolution. However, not all women were satisfied to just go back to the earlier place in society they were at before the war as shown by Molly Wallace who said during her valedictory address in 1792, â€Å"if [taught] to read, why not to speak?† (Doc J). Many American women, like Wallace, sought after advancing their roles in society. But sadly, women suffrage didn’t happen for 140 years. For slaves in some regions, there was a lot of social change. In the years after the revolution, the slave owners in the North practiced manumission, and freed many slaves there. In the South, however, it would take many more years and a Civil War for the slaves to gain their freedom.Show MoreRelatedAp Us History Dbq Essay730 Words   |  3 PagesBesides all the other growing issues from 1700-1800 in American History, there was one rising above all. The enslavement of the African people. While there was much debate about freedom, abolition, and all other things some African-Americans managed to find theirs. From 1775 to 1830 many African-Americans gained freedom by escaping to regions in which slavery wasn’t practiced or by purchasing it if granted while all at the same time the expansion of slavery greatly expanded in the American southRead MoreDBQ for AP US History Essay2093 Words   |  9 PagesStates as a revolutionary nation because it happened so long and we are so culturally different from current day England, we are so ignorant to what had to happen for us to be where we are today, one of the few superpowers in the world, were always getting caught up in the world that surrounds us today Transformation of colonial Virginia DBQ The hardships that the settlers faced were much more intolerable then the â€Å"hardships† we have today, When they first came over, they were stuck on a cramped boatRead MoreAp Us History 2001 Dbq Essay1081 Words   |  5 PagesII. Eisenhower Administration A. Massive retaliation; nuclear weapons prevented USSR attack. B. Containment policy to prevent war/attack. 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JohnRead MoreEssay on The Effects of Imperialism1278 Words   |  6 PagesNAME DATE PERIOD ESSAY DBQ: Effects of Imperialism AP WORLD HISTORY Document-Based Question: Effects of Imperialism Directions: The following question is based on the accompanying Documents 1- 13 (The documents have been edited for the purpose of this exercise.) This question is designed to test your ability to work with and understand historical documents. Write an essay that: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · Has a relevant thesis and supports that thesis with evidence from the documents. Uses all or all butRead MoreAztec Essay838 Words   |  4 PagesAztec Essay History has been very cruel to the Aztecs. What do you know about the Aztecs? The first thing that probably comes to your mind is human sacrifice, or them being very bloody and gory. Well there is much more to the Aztecs than human sacrifice and wars. The Aztecs were a very advanced and successful civilization. They did perform human sacrifice, but it was a part of their religion, and it was common for cultures to sacrifice humans at the time. Also, all of the things we know todayRead MoreAbraham Lincoln And The Civil War Comparison Essay1108 Words   |  5 Pages Abraham Lincoln, the great president of the United States, is one of the most influential men in the history of America. He is not only the commander-in-chief of the Union army that takes the victory from the Confederacy in the Civil War but also a leader who ends up the existence of slavery and a hero of the United States of America. On the other hand, Nathan Bedford Forrest is the lieutenant general of the Confederate army during the Civil War. 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How I Stumbled Across Universal Literacy Free Essays

I acquired, through being part of many discourses that, eventually, everything connects. I had always heard the same thing, â€Å"Graduate from a good college and find a cent living, and you’ll be happy and successful. † Ha! What a capitalistic, factory- produced, fairy tale to tell impressionable children, I thought. We will write a custom essay sample on How I Stumbled Across Universal Literacy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Nope, I was smarter than that. I would be the one to take the road less traveled†to go against the grain and live my own life the way I wanted to. After barely graduating high school with a GEED (or a GEED equivalent actually†¦ ), I took off to LA to become a music-producer. I was going to be big. I learned the trade, worked inside multi- million dollar studios, and formed a band. I had It all figured out and I was going to how everybody that school was for fools. As with everything In life. This Intoxicating success did not last. I began to feel something was missing. Here I was, living the dream that I had imagined for myself, and yet, I didn’t feel much fulfillment. Bills were stacking, the girlfriend was becoming distant, and the excitement of living on my own slowly began to degrade with each passing day. Soon, I could no longer make enough to afford living on my own. And so, I packed up and return home to the Bay Area. Life had defeated me, or so It felt, and I had to reevaluate what I wanted to do with mine. That’s when the unexpected happened: I started going back to school again. I began taking courses seriously and I learned that, not only was I pretty good at most of the stuff, I really liked it. I found that an obscure subject like calculus, could be applied to something even more obscure like computer programming. I learned lessons in swimming that helped me learn how to socialize. Hell, if I took an extensive course on rock-paper-scissors, I could find a hidden lesson that could ring true In another study. I guess you could say I slowly realized how to learn, rather than what to learn. After all, James Paul Gee writes in his paper, Ð’Â «owing† is a matter of â€Å"knowing how to proceed† (â€Å"go on†) in specific social interactions† (Discourse and Coloratura Studies in Reading, 196). Once I realized that I had a plethora of knowledge and life-experiences up my sleeve already, navigating through new areas in life began to be much more comfortable and rewarding. An unexpected part of life had showed up In my life as well: religion. If you had the reasons wrong with the Bible and how there couldn’t possibly be a God. Openness eased my stubbornness. I wanted to â€Å"hear out† what all these people in Christianity had to say. As I attended sermons, I checked all Judgments at the door and listened. I remember the words of a wise teacher I had in high school. He told us to empty our cups†to be ready to fill it with more knowledge. I found that what they preached in church was certainly applicable to somebody not religious at all. Instead of seeing the religion as a brain-washing cult, I began to understand it as a form of volunteer-work. These people were here for help, or to help. How could I speak negatively anymore about something that humans should be doing for each other? I kicked up a sense of humbleness from immersing myself in religious-discourse. It was not only Christianity that I researched. I started pouring my curiosities into Buddhism, Shamanism, and Islam. In all these religions, they teach a similar purpose: healing. Heal yourself, heal others, and heal the Universe. Within you, without you. We are all one, yet amazingly unique. All these â€Å"Faceable†-queues pseudo babble started to make sense to me! Trying new ideas had given me a fulfillment that I Just could not describe. I felt like a scientist, and that my field of study had now been shifted to understanding life. The doors that academic and religious discourse opened for me was like staring into a hallway that had even more interesting and unique doors to be opened. That would never have been available to me had I not looked in their direction and remained open. James Paul Gee puts it very elegantly, â€Å"Analogously, one can deepen the insight by taking successively deeper views of what interpretation means† (Literacy, Discourse, and Linguistics, 540). At times, I can still feel dejected, depressed, or Just plain lazy; after having been through these types of situations before, some many times worse, I learned that eventually, everything will urn out okay again†it has to. Physics proves this, religion speaks of this, and there are sayings I’m sure you’ve heard before like, â€Å"the dawn is darkest before the day. Recognizing this helps me deal with the inevitable problems that we all share, and how to stress out in a healthy way. A big part of life for me is music. I would not have traveled to LA with such reckless abandon, were it not for the passion and fuel that music provides me. I identified heavily with the punk-(counter)culture during my teenage years. I still do, but again, with a fresh perspective on t he community. Punks look intimidating to a lot of people. They have messy hair, spikes in every direction on their clothing, and a penchant for destroying things. The irony is, these very people are often the ones who are insecure, bold, and most understanding. Of course, there are exceptions to the rule, and some punks are Just dicks, but being surrounded by a culture of misfits where the majority of members inside felt they were not right for the â€Å"mainstream discourse†, led me to take a look at the way things were established. I saw a lot of paranoia in the community, and I had to face my own. Let me explain. Paranoia, on one end of the spectrum, can lead people to believe things like, in 1969, America staged the whole moon landing. Or that the Pope is really a lizard. But on the other end of the spectrum, complete naivetà ©Ã‚ © can lead people to believe that banks have your best interest in mind, or that marijuana causes death. Somewhere in between them is an inner-balance much like the yin and yang in Buddhism. I learned that I revealed when the people spreading an idea can learn to communicate well enough without offending another’s ideas. We must listen to others as well, and learn to be dead to change our own ideas. How can we do this? How can I be sure that the color red looks the same to me, as it does to you? And more importantly, how can we find a .. That reading and writing cannot be separated from consensus? Gee argues, † speaking, listening, and interacting† (Reading as Situated Language: A Cognitively Perspective, 714). He makes a rather elegant point here in that it is not a matter of â€Å"street smarts† vs†¦ â€Å"Book smarts†, rather, it is a marriage of the two that is necessary for communication. â€Å"Eventually, everything connects† was said by Charles Names, a designer. An app on the phone called, â€Å"Dots, A Game About Connecting†, displays his quote prominently. Each time I play this game, I think about the many ways to accomplish one simple goal: connect the dots. There are ups and downs, lefts and rights. But there are also boxes and zigzags. The more unique ways you find to connect the dots, the easier and more fun the game becomes. Learning many tools from hands-on life- experiences greatly increases the fulfillment I feel for them. They boost my confidence, encourage me to eat healthier, to do well in school, and to live happier with family. You can say Vie stopped rebelling like I used to, and to that, I would have to agree. But I’m also rebelling against ignorance. I’m rebelling against preconceived molds society can place on us, and I’m rebelling against egoism. It’s a never-ending pursuit, but it’s much more preferable to never pursuing. James Paul Gee says, † . .The master discourse is not Just the sum of its parts, it is something also over and above them† (Literacy, Discourse, and Linguistics, 537). Perhaps once we’ve connected all the dots, we are still not done. We may never be done, and to me, that is an exciting thought. How to cite How I Stumbled Across Universal Literacy, Papers

School Centre Number Essay Example

School Centre Number Essay My aim is to carryout my own research in order to decide which potato crisp snack should be produced and identify the most appropriate marketing mix to successfully introduce and launch it. Plan of Action: I have broken up my coursework into 20 separate tasks that I will perform over a period of 7 weeks Week 1: We will write a custom essay sample on School Centre Number specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on School Centre Number specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on School Centre Number specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer 1) Firstly I am going to construct a title page. The title Page will have the Title; The introduction and launch of a new Potato Crisp snack. I will include my name, my candidate number and the School centre number for Aquinas. 2) Next I will construct a page with the my aim, which is to carry out my own research into the potato crisp snack, to develop the correct marketing mix etc 3) After that I will draw up a plan of action; a detailed, step-by-step layout of what I will do in my coursework and when I will do it 4) Subsequently I will make a list of how I will contact each manufacturer/ advertising company. 5) I will then state and explain why I chose the methods I did to contact the manufacturers Week 2: 6) I will assemble a list of manufacturers and advertising companies to write to, to get the information regarding the marketing of the potato crisp snack. 7) I will contact the companies/ advertising companies on the list to get the information needed, using methods such as email. 8) From the information I receive I will sort out the relevant and irrelevant information Week 3: 9) I will briefly describe the marketing mix. Then I will analyse the product, the price, the promotion and the place, regarding the marketing of the potato snack. 10) I shall summarise the information that I receive from the manufacturers and advertising companies. 11) I will now point out the advantages of using a questionnaire, and give an example of such a questionnaire. Reasons why a questionnaire is a useful option for gathering marketing information, in comparison to other methods, will also be included. I will also include a method to use for sampling Week 4: 12) I will explain the reason behind the questions in my questionnaire 13) I will then place these results in a database 14) The results form the questionnaire will be explained, and the effect they have on the marketing of the snack 15) At this point I will analyse advertising costs, using the information that I have gathered Week 5: 16) I will then compose a spreadsheet showing the advertising costs. I will analyse the spreadsheet, (Also pointing out the usefulness of using spreadsheets and other I.C.T technology and its advantages). Week 6: 17) I will construct a conclusion, to back up my analysis, and an evaluation relating to my initial aim. 18) I will make recommendations for the future on how this product could be developed/ improved Week 7: 19) I will write up a bibliography of references used in this assignment. 20) Finally, I will put together an appendix of letters. Emails that I sent and/or received and a draft of the questionnaire I used in my survey. I shall also include any other relevant information gathered The Marketing Mix: The Marketing Mix is made up of four factors; Product Price Promotion Place Product: Products are the goods and/ or services provided to customers by businesses and are defined as the commodity, which the business is offering for sale. Each product has a life cycle and goes through six Separate Stages; Research and development Introduction or launch Growth Maturity Saturation Decline 1) Research and Development: A company would carry out research and development before a product is ever sold or even produced. A prototype could possibly be made to test how effective the product is. Here, no profit is made so the development of the product can prove very expensive for the business, depending on how long this stage lasts. 2) Introduction or Launch At this stage, the producers focus on the marketing and promotion of the product(s). Depending on how much the customers want it, sales could be slow, and profit still may not be achieved, as the costs of research and development will still have to be paid. 3) Growth Sales increase and previous expenses will start to be covered at this stage. Profits will grow, as the product would have gained a place in the market. Competition can be an big issue to a business at this stage. 4) Maturity By now the product would have fully established a place in the market. Sales levels will be maintained; competition is a concern at this stage, but not to the extent that it was at the stage of Growth. 5) Saturation This is when sales are at their maximum. No new customers can be found so profits cannot increase. New competitors are no longer a threat. 6) Decline At this stage, product sales have fallen and therefore it is either less or un-profitable. The product is taken off the market. A second product is then prepared to replace the old one. The length of the products life cycle usually depends on the product itself. Some strategies are used to extend the products life cycle, e.g.: * Reducing the price to attract more sales; * Altering the packaging to give a more persuasive image; * Exporting the product to aim at a wider market; Legal constraints have been passed in order to protect the consumer and ensure high quality of the products they purchase, e.g.: * Sale and Supply of Goods and Services Act 1994 * Consumer Protection Act * Food Safety Order 1991 Price: Depending on the type of product being sold, there are many pricing policies that a business might use to sell it: * Market Led * Cost based * Skimming * Penetration * Destruction Pricing Market Led- This accepts the price the competitors are charging for a product and prices it similarly to them Cost Based This is a simple formula of: Total Costs + Profit Sales Skimming This is when a product is placed at a high price, as there is no competition initially. This technique is usually used with a new and/or unique product. Penetration This is when a product is priced low in order to break into a competitive market and attract regular costumers. Used for a product with a lot of competition. Initial price will not always make a profit for the business. Price will be increased when product has a steady place in the market. Destruction Pricing Is usually a technique by large companies to put smaller establishments out of business; Price is reduced dramatically to lure the competitors customers from them and put them out of business. Markets may also engage in a Price wars When this happens some companies drop prices to secure sales and encourage purchases of other products. There are many factors that will affect the price of a product, and it is imperative for a business to sell their product at a price that will cover all the expenses in manufacturing it, such as: * Cost of production * Profit making * Competition * Price the Market could bear * Season of the year * Quantity of stock held Demand in pricing is defined as the quantity of goods which will be bought at a given price. There are many factors that would affect the demand for products e.g.: * The price being charged for the goods by the business * Customers tastes/ interests * Potential customers level of income * Price of other goods * Advertising * Credit rates Promotion: Promotion is the Process by which a company inform potential or existing customers about their products and encourage them to buy those products. Methods of Promotion: Sponsorship, Public relations, Advertising and Sales promotion are all methods of promotion: * Sponsorship; e.g. of sporting events, charity events or school events, where the business gives said event a set amount of capital, and n exchange they display the name o the business, a new product etc. * Public relations; Is when the publics awareness of the company is raised and the company is seen as generous, e.g. contributing cash to famine relief or war-torn areas * Advertising; Is usually used o introduce a new product and encourage sales, it can also be used o remind the pubic about an existing product and boost falling sales, if a business is struggling in a certain segment of the market, advertising can be used to boost sales in that particularly area, to target a new segment of the market, or to provide information about new/ existing products or events * Sales promotion; This is used to persuade the customer to purchase the product. Examples of sales promotion could be; Offers, (like buy one get one free), Discounts (10% off etc) Free samples with things like food, Loss leaders (reducing price of a product to boost initial, or falling sales even if a temporary loss to the company is likely) Free gifts with the product, (e.g. cars and free insurance, Mac Donalds adding toys to happy meals etc) ; Price reductions ; Coupons/ Vouchers ; After sales Service (E.g. servicing deals for cars, guarantees etc Place: Getting the goods to a place where they are going to sell most successfully. This means that manufacturers must consider not just where to sell their product to maximise profit, but also how to get the product to that place in good condition. They must take into account: * The most appropriate sales outlet for that product * The most appropriate channel of distribution to use * The most appropriate method of transportation for that particular product. Decisions about the type of sales outlet to use will depend on the type and value of the goods being sold and the socio-economic or cultural class of the area E.g. there is no point in placing very expensive goods in a poor area where people could not afford to buy them. There are four main parties in distribution: * Manufacturer/ Producer * Wholesaler * Retailer * Consumer To gather my information, I decided to contact the leading potato crisp distributors in Northern Ireland; Walkers, Tayto and KP. I also gather information on advertising costs on the U.T.V Website. The reason I chose Walkers, Tayto and KP respectively is that they are the three biggest producers of potato crisps, and the reson I chose to research advertising costs on UTV is that it has the greatest penetration though out Northern Ireland. With n impressive 34% of peak rime viewing being UTV and a 100% coverage in Northern Ireland I was only able to receive information form Walkers, Tayto an UTV. I have examined Taytos and Walkers information using the 4 Ps: Product: Taytos information about their products is collected by a marker research company that they employ called A. C. Nielsen C. Ltd. This information is then used to support them with their marketing strategies. An example of how this works in practice would be a situation like; if Tayto are aware of an increase in demand for a particular flavour of crisp, they may choose to promote their own brand in order to raise their share of this particular part (or segment) of the market. Tayto also use a method involving school children. This involves the children filling out questionnaires etc after trying some of the products that Tayto have to offer. The questionnaires can relate to flavour, texture etc of the potato snack being tested. Tayto have a third method of market research also; when they give out factory tours, the tourists are given a free sample of a snack and asked to give their opinion, this method is particularly good at the launch of a new product. Walkers do not hire external businesses to conduct theyre research, they have an internal Research and Development Department. This department talks to the customers regularly to identify what is important to them, or what changes they would like to be made etc, and then implement the findings with their products and factories. The Research and Development Department work closely with the Marketing and Sales Department to make sure that all developments benefit the customer and the business. Consumer testing is a very significant part of theyre research. Once Walkers have identified an opportunity in the market for a new product, research and development is given a brief to develop this product. They will conduct consumer testing to determine the optimum texture, flavour, size, colour etc of the snack. Testing several to identify the consumers preference does this. Once the final product has been tested and approved by a panel of customers, Research and Development will define how it can be produced in the factory. Marketing carry out final consumer testing prior to launch, which includes product and packaging design preference. Price The cost of the raw materials, packaging and overheads determines the price that Tayto need to charge for their products. Other factors, which influence the price of a product, are competitors price and the target market. If the target market is the adult population, the price of the product may be higher and Tayto will be able to spend more on packaging and advertising the product, however, if the product is to be targeted at children, the price will be lower and Tayto will have to spend less on packaging and advertising. Walkers claim to keep their products at a high quality and competitive price by leveraging. They do this by buying large quantities of raw materials, which enables them to negotiate competitive prices. The savings are re-invested into the business and passed on to the customer. The Finance Department at Walkers are responsible for ensuring Walkers manufacture and sell their products at the lowest cost possible. Promotion: Tayto use a variety of ways to promote their products e.g. advertising Agencies, which are used for promotions on television, radio, newspapers and billboards. Television advertising is very expensive but you can reach millions and target people who watch particular programmes, for example, by six thirty pm on a Thursday evening 75% of adults will have viewed UTV and 1.3 million people in Northern Ireland watch UTV each week. Radio is cheaper and you can still target listeners of particular programmes, but it is sound only and audiences are usually smaller. Newspapers know a lot about their readership so it is easy to target effectively and will often be read more than once by more than one person. Tayto have also developed other forms of advertising; they have product tasting in stores where customers get to try their products, (new or existing), they sponsor many charitable/ sporting events, they offer tours of the, Tayto castle, where customers get to see where and how theyre product is made and receive free samples. They also employ promotional vehicles to transport theyre goods, e.g. lorries with the smiling face of, Mr. Tayto, on the side, Vending machines with the same corporate symbol and they have advertising on the internet also. Different methods of advertising are used at various times of the year, for example, Tayto focus on outdoor advertising during March to September. The advertising methods at this time are billboards, shows and exhibitions for example, The Agricultural Show at Balmoral. From September to March however, advertising is focused on indoors such as TV, radio and sampling within stores. All other types of advertising and promotions are still carried on throughout the year and at different times Tayto use promotions like 2 for 1 offers and 50% extra free to entice customers. Walkers have used the famous footballer Gary Lineker, to promote their products for many years now, and once changed theyre salt and vinegar crisp packaging to read Salt and Lineker They picked Gary Lineker because he is one of Britains favourite celebrities, he is an ex-Leicester City football player and Walkers are also sponsors of the Leicester City Football Club. Walkers use other means of advertising such as radio, cinema and posters. Walkers Doritos are Sponsors of the ITV Movie Premiere, which communicates with a mass market. Walkers recognise the importance of working alongside retailers of all sizes to ensure snacks gain the visibility needed to drive sales. Savoury snacks are often bought on impulse therefore, good merchandising is very important I also obtained the advertising costs on U.T.V via their website in the form of a table of sample costs by length for advertising on UTV. TIME BAND PROGRAMMES ADULT TVR 10 20 30 0930-1729 Jeremy Kyle This Morning ITV Lunchtime News Kids Time 3 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½200 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½250 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½300 1730-1800 UTV Live 6 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½370 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½500 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½620 1801-1859 ITV News 14 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½850 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1150 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1450 1900-1959 Mon,Wed,Fri Emmerdale Coronation Street 25 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1500 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2500 1929-1959 Tue and Thur UTV Local Programmes 12 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½730 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½980 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1220 2000-2159 The Bill 14 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½850 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1150 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1450 2200-2229 Rosemary and Thyme Poirot 8 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½480 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½650 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½820 2230-2330 ITV News 5 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½310 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½410 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½510 This is a standard day-to-day sample table of costs for advertising however there are many other factors that can affect the cost of advertising on television, e.g. Time of year. Also when it comes to advertising on television, there are many factors that a business must consider when advertising. Target audience is a huge factor in television advertising costs, this is also linked to time of day and possibly even time of year, for example if the advertisement is aimed at school kids, advertising during the morning or early afternoon, would be a waste of money as although the advertising cost is less, most of the children who the advertisement is aimed at would be in school. I also acquired a diagram of the penetration of UTV in Northern Ireland: Place: Tayto use their own fleet of Vans and Lorries to distribute their products from the manufacturer to the retailer and to the wholesaler. They also supply directly to the consumer using vending machines, this is also a clever method of advertising as the vans are marked externally with Taytos name and corporate symbol (Mr. Tayto) Tayto also supply their products through the internet where they get hundreds of orders from America and Japan requesting their crisps. Walkers products are produced at six factories, which are located throughout the UK and reach the customers via seven distribution centres located throughout the country. Walkers products are transported around their distribution network 24 hours a day and then on to the customer by a fleet of more than two hundred vehicles. Walkers employ approximately 400 staff who are responsible for the sales in supermarkets, newsagents, independent grocers and petrol forecourts. Walkers help retailers to increase their sales by giving advice on products and the range of display equipment available. This can maximise the impact on the customer therefore increasing the sales of the products. Questionnaire: Please tick only one answer box on each of the following questions; Or fill in answer where necessary in the spaces provided: Please insure your answers are honest and accurate, to the best of your knowledge 1) To what age bracket do you belong? 5-10 11-20 21-30 31- 45 46-60 60 and over 16.6% 16.6% 16.6% 16.6% 16.6% 16.6% 2) What Gender are you? Male Female 50% 50% 3) Do you eat Potato Crisp Snacks? Yes No 100% 0% If your answer to previous question was, no, please do not fill out any more questions. 4) How often would you say you eat potato crisp snacks? Everyday 19.4% 3-5 times a week 33.4% 2-3 times a week 27.8% Once a week 19.4% Other 0% 5) What is your preferred potato crisp brand? Tayto? 44.4% Walkers 16.8% KP 27.8% Golden Wonder? 5.5% Doritos 5.5% Other 0% 6) What is your preferred potato crisp flavour? Salt and vinegar 22.2% Cheese and onion 16.7 Smoky Bacon 11.1% Roast Chicken 8.3% Steak and onion 5.6% Prawn Cocktail 8.3% Chilli 11.1% Cheese 5.6% Sour Cream and Onion 11.1% Other 7) Which size of potato Crisp container would you be more likely to purchase? Large, Multi-pack bag(s) 33.3% Medium, single sale bag(s) 33.3% Large, single sale bag(s) 22.2% Small Cardboard Tube(s) 8.4% Large Cardboard tube(s) 2.8% Other 0.0% 8) What are your favourite shapes/ types of Crisp? Regular 50.0% Crinkle/ Rough cut 25.0% Round 2.7% Puffs 13.9% French fries 2.7% Other 2.7% 9) Where do you usually buy your crisps? Supermarket 11.1% Vending machine 16.7% Corner store 11.1% Garage 13.8% Other 2.8% 10) What usually motivates you to buy your potato crisps? Impulse 30.6% Health Consciousness 11.2% Offers/ Freebees 19.4% Competitions 11.1% Free Samples 8.3% Celebrity endorsement 2.8% No reason 16.7% Other 0.0% 11) Which media would you respond best too? Television 52.8% Billboards 19.4% Radio 11.1% Movie Theatre 13.9% Newspapers/ Magazines 2.8% Other 0.0% 12) What, in your opinion is a reasonable price for a standard, medium sized, single sale bag of Crisps? 21p 25p 22.1% 26p 30p 11.1% 31p 35p 33.3% 36p 40p 16.7% 41p 45p 2.7% 46p + 11.1% 13) What kind of packaging material do you prefer? Foil 11.1% Paper 11.1% Plastic/ Cellophane 16.7% Cardboard tube 61.1% Other 0.0% 14) Which flavour(s) of crisps would you associate with the following colours? Dark Blue Light Blue? Dark Green Light Green 63% of people related colours Red? to walkers Style of packaging Orange Purple? Pink? Black White Yellow Brown 15) What do you think of new Ideas in crisps? Open and willing to try them 19.44% Weary, would be more likely to buy your usual brand, style or flavour of crisps 80.56% Questionnaire Rationale: Gender? I asked this question to segment my market into equal parts of males and females. To gather stratified and therefore more accurate and relevant information Age? I asked this question to further segment my market. I wanted to ascertain whether, for example, female teenagers eat more crisps than 31-45 year old men; this would effect where and when, and for how much I sell my new product. Do you eat potato crisp snacks? I asked this question to try and determine how big my target market is. How often do you eat potato crisp snacks? I asked this question to find out how popular crisps are, i.e. how many I should aim towards the certain age groups, genders etc. Favourite brand of crisps? I asked this question to determine who the main competitors in the market are, and find out how many people like certain brands. Also I will look into why they like them. Favourite flavour? I asked this question to determine what flavour(s) I would need to make in order for my product to be a success Preferred container? I asked this question to see what container people preferred, as the packaging can greatly influence the buyer for impulse buying etc. Where do you usually buy your crisps? I asked this question to determine place of purchase so I would know what destinations are popular for consumers to buy at; and I would know what types of places to distribute my product. What sales promotion techniques appeal to you? I asked this question to find out what offers appeal to people the most, so that I would have some idea of what works when it comes to promotion. What method of advertising appeals to you the most? I asked this question to determine what method of advertising would entice people the most. How much are you willing to pay for a standard packet of crisps? I asked this question to find out roughly what pricing bracket ideally I would be selling my product at in order to maintain good sales Preferred packaging? I asked this question to find out what colour etc, consumers would like the packaging to be so that I could determine the best packaging for my snack Preferred shape of crisp? I asked this question to ascertain whether crinkled or smooth etc are preferred. This would affect how I make my potato snack, going with the most popular shape in order to boost sales What colours do you associate with certain flavours? I asked this in order to determine what colours I should have certain flavours of my crisps in order to aid the purchase of the product. Are you open to new ideas? I asked this to see if my product is likely to be successful upon launch Conclusion Product From my questionnaire I find that salt and vinegar is the clear favorite when it comes to flavour of crisps. I will therefore make more salt and vinegar than other flavours. The next popular flavours were cheese and onion, chili and sour cream and onion. I will make slightly more of these flavors than the other flavours e.g. smoky bacon, Salt and vinegar 22.2% Cheese and onion 16.7 Smoky Bacon 11.1% Roast Chicken 8.3% Steak and onion 5.6% Prawn Cocktail 8.3% Chilli 11.1% Cheese 5.6% Sour Cream and Onion 11.1% This way, less money will be spent on flavours that wont sell as well e.g. Cheese. The crisps themselves will be sold in mostly multi-packs for large stores and supermarkets and medium single sale bags for shops; these will include a range of flavours in proportion to my results on preferred flavours etc. Foil bags will be the containers as they are the most popular. The other types of packaging will not be produced initially, as more machinery and raw materials will be required to produce it. This will save on cost, an according to my results will maximize sales. However, over time if the product proves successful, the tube and share-size packaging may be produced- but it will only make up a total of no more than 20% of the production, as they are not potentially as great sellers as the medium size single sale and multi-packs. Also, as a small quantity of this packaging will be made, only the flavours, which people preferred with this packaging, will be sold, which will be salt and vinegar, chili, smoky bacon and sour cream and onion. According to the questionnaire, there is no other packaging preferred. However as for the actual colour of the packaging, it will be in correlation to the results of the questionnaire. The majority of people in the questionnaire associated colours with the colours on walkers packaging, I will therefore follow the trend of Walkers colour of packaging as they were the most popular The results are as follows: Cheese and Onion- Yellow Roast Chicken- Orange Ready Salted- Red Prawn Cocktail- Pink Salt and Vinegar- Green Barbecue Beef- Green Smokey Bacon- Brown Pickled Onion- purple The shape of my potato crisp snack will be the traditional shape to begin with, as it is the overall preferred shape and less money will be spent on specialized machinery, which will produce the different shaped snacks; Also, as my product will be new to the market, money will have to be saved to cover the fixed costs. When profits are gained, special editions of the potato crisp snack will be launched, e.g. fries; the flavour of this new shape will be proportional to the amount of people who preferred this shape and a particular flavour, which is salt and vinegar. Depending on the success of the new shape, the product may be sold for a limited time only. The other shapes will be rejected, as they are less preferred, unless future market research proves otherwise. Price The average price of a 35g packet of crisps will be 35p. However, in order to gain entrance into an already existing market I will use penetration pricing. As the results from the questionnaire show, there is very strong competition in the market, with Tayto and Walkers being the leaders. However, I will price my product low enough to attract customers but also to gain enough money to break even. After sales have improved, I will price my product a bit higher to gain more money to allow growth to occur, most probably competitive pricing. Promotion My main methods of promotion will be sales promotion- where the products lower price will be described as special purchases- and advertising. Advertising via television would attract the most customers according to the questionnaire. Through UTV, my product would be advertised between 9.30am and 5.29pm, as that is when the cost is lower, although it would be viewed less than any other time. This will ensure that sales will go up slightly. As advertising on billboards and newspapers is very expensive and, as the questionnaire results show, not as effective as TV, my product would only be promoted that way as my product gains more recognition and more money is coming into the business. Place My product will be sold in corner shops as single packets and in supermarkets as multi-packs. The channel of distribution is as follows: Manufacturer to Retailer to Consumer As my product is new on the market, retailers may not recognize it in wholesalers and therefore I believe it is wiser to advertise it to the retailer directly. However, once my product gains more credibility, it may be sold to wholesalers also. Distribution will be done by vans which will leased by the business, as they are a cheaper than distributing by freight trains and the product will only be sold within the country initially anyway. Sources of information: I used email and the Internet to contact walkers, KP and Tayto, but having only heard back from Tayto and walkers. This was the information I analysed. I also produced 36 identical questionnaires which I distributed to a stratified sample of ages and genders and analysed these results. I analysed all of these results using the four Ps, to great effect, and I also produced an excel spreadsheet of my results for the questionnaire From Tayto I went to the following website: http://www.tayto.com/flash.html From here I opened Contact us/Find us. This was easy to do and proved very effective I also attended a trip to the Tayto castle with my business studies class, wherein we were told lot of useful information about Tayto, and we were also informed about the website I mentioned above, which proved to be of great use in m research. Walkers sent me out information via post, this was also easy as all I had to do was type in my details and the information was sent right to my door. I obtained my information on the advertising costs for U.T.V from: http://www.utvplc.com/advertising.asp?sub=svsublk=avr These methods proved very effective. They were quick and efficient, and although KP did not offer any information, U.T.V Tayto and Walkers information was made very easily accessible to me, so I believe the methods of email and post are the most effective as I was able to put them to great use For advertising, I also contacted some local newspapers and the Belfast Telegraph, but I decided that the most effective form of advertising would be on television (U.T.V) Other sources of information included textbooks such as Business studies By Alan Anderson, and information from My Business Studies Teacher.