Marketing Management Brand Loyalty - 1913 Words

The primary focus of this research is to develop and understanding the reasons for brand loyalty, as there is a literature gap in this area of marketing management. A lot of researches been done in the past on the benefits of brand loyalty but there is a literature gap on how an organisation can build brand loyalty. The literature of market is still debating of what compromises brand loyalty (Chaudhuri Holbrook, 2001). The literature review analyses the general theories surrounding the concept of brand loyalty in previously adapted marketing management guidance, marketing science and the human communication researches with an indication as how understanding the factors contributing brand loyalty can actually help organisations to build brand loyalty amongst consumers. The sources used for the literature review are journal of management, information quarterly, textbooks, academic blogs, and official website publications. The structure of literature review begins with of definition of brand loyalty and then moves to the general theories surrounding factors contributing for brand loyalty d then a focused research on Apple’s achievement of brand loyalty. Brand Loyalty According to Bennett, Brand Loyalty has been existence since the 1920’s (Bennett Rundle-Thiele, 2002). Brand loyalty can simply be defined as the prejudiced behavioural purchase by consumers over the time with respect of one brand in comparison of other brands with similar functions due to psychologicalShow MoreRelatedResearch Proposal on Brand Loyalty in Mobile Phone Market1416 Words   |  6 PagesI. Introduction 1. Problem Statement A number of papers have discussed about the factors that influence a consumer’s brand loyalty, such as An empirical model for brand loyalty measurement (Punniyamoorthy, M and Prasanna Mohan Raj, 2007), or â€Å"The relation between Brand Loyalty, Product Involvement and Information Search† (Ai Lin Lim, 1999). Although both of the researches mentioned above reached some conclusions about their topics, it is our initial assumption that these conclusions will beRead MoreBrand Management; Influence on Consumers’ Behaviour and Satisfaction1103 Words   |  5 Pagesimage. As a result, companies create own brands. According to American Marketing Association (2013), a brand is â€Å"a name, term, design, symbol, or any other feature that identifies one sellers good or service as distinct from those of other sellers.† Also, the process of creating connection or association between emotional perception of the consumer and company’s product with target of cre ating distinction and building loyalty has known as a brand management (Hislop, 2001). For instance when someoneRead MoreThe main concept of brand loyalty has been approached from three different factors which is600 Words   |  3 PagesThe main concept of brand loyalty has been approached from three different factors which is behavioral, attitudinal and composite loyalty. The researchers have their own assumption or known as behavioral view which they assume that the loyalty of a guest toward a brand is based on the repeat transactions occur. The study of O’Malley (1988) show that this approach provides a more realistic picture on how well the brand is performing compare to other competitors. However, this approach have been criticizedRead MoreCase Study on LOreal Essay1636 Words   |  7 PagesExecutive Summary L’Oreal was the world largest French-based cosmetic company, achieved successfully in global marketing with businesses in East and Western Europe, North America, Latin America, Asia and some other countries. Later, they spotted on China as a potential cosmetics market due to its extremely high population and entered the Chinese market to compete with other cosmetic brands as a late entrant. This report attempts to discuss on L’Oreal’s expansion in China. For example, in order toRead MoreComparative Analysis: Funnel Based Marketing Relative to Consumer Decision Journey Processes1725 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Branding in the Digital Age Introduction In the article Branding in the Digital Age (Edelman, 2010) author and research David Edelman successfully illustrates how the Internet has re-ordered the balance of power between consumers and the brands they develop loyalty to over the long-term. His premise of the article is based on how successfully the Internet is transforming buying decisions into a more egalitarian- and trust-based relationship between marketer and customer. The concepts he bases his CustomerRead MoreTrue Brand Loyalty1659 Words   |  7 Pagesconsumers that will switch brands or products as soon as the feel the need to do so. What companys look for in this consumer environment is creating a so-called brand loyalty. This paper will explore the ways companies go about in creating this brand loyalty and it will investigate the circumstances and effects that come with it. It will start of by thoroughly explaining what brand loyalty exactly is. After that an overview of key success factors stimulating brand loyalty will be given and we willRead MoreWhy Customer Loyalty Should Influence Marketing Strategy1375 Words   |  6 PagesThe concept of Customer Loyalty can be seen in the work of Deming in his TQM model but the modern more detailed definition was derived from the work of Storbacka, Strandvik, and Gronroos (1994) in the area of service quality models. Relationship marketing places great emphasis on customer lifetime value. The conventional wisdom suggest that loyal customers are the most profitable but recent work by Heiner Evanschitsky and John Glanfield, both now at Aston Business School suggests that this may notRead MoreInternational Journal Of Contemporary Hospitality Management Essay15 40 Words   |  7 Pagesimportance of branding as an undeniable tools for marketing strategy. (O Neill and Matilla 2010) I strongly agree with this statement because brand creates tremendous persuasive appeal and positive perception in the mind of customer which drive them to buy service from branded company rather than unknown non branded company or organization. Event though another article which was published in 2011 (Yoo, M., Lee, S., Bai, B. (2011). Hospitality marketing research from 2000 to 2009: topics, methodsRead MoreQuestions On Customer Knowledge Management Essay1211 Words   |  5 Pages2.2. Brand Exploratory 2.2.1 Customer knowledge As the core of the customer knowledge management, the customer knowledge is created the intellectuals of both businesses and customers. To improve the product innovation, which is including the customer s consumption preferences, the channel of consumption, and the nature of consumption (Lin, Che, Ting, 2012). People through the regularity of customers behavior realize customer knowledge (Dholakia, Kahn, Reeves, Rindfleisch, Stewart, Taylor,Read MoreMarketing Strategy Of Tesco Direct1656 Words   |  7 PagesAfter two years Tesco introduced their loyalty program with steady growth, Tesco moved to another marketing strategy, which is Tesco Direct and Tesco.com. Tesco Direct is a platform to sell home electrical, sports, beauty, toys, entertainment, books, etc. The positioning and message in the main page of Tesco Direct (Figure 1.0) is very clear and significant. When viewer click into the organisation’s website, the first sight is fall on the homepage. Homepage can decide how truly the viewers are engaging

Impacts of Indian Cinema on Children of Pakistan Free Essays

The Indian Cinema is currently the Largest film producer in the world. The film industry has been highly rewarding when it comes to the national economy of India. Be it movies, to movie stars, the idea and the drama they portray has been highly admired and enjoyed by people worldwide especially in Pakistan. We will write a custom essay sample on Impacts of Indian Cinema on Children of Pakistan or any similar topic only for you Order Now Thousands of films produced per annum are watched by millions of people from children to adults. And is a big source of encouragement for the Youth to come up and be a part of the largest industry in the world. It might be a huge source of encouragement for the Youth but on the other hand the films have proved to have influenced the young generations on a huge scale in this era. As most of the tech-smart are basically the young generations today, they automatically have access to all sort of media and public forums. Teenagers especially today are too inspired by movies today, they look for motivation and situations they find relatable in their daily life as entertainment. Prior to that, Indian Cinema is well aware what kind of audience to Target today, which is earning alot of revenue for them today. Especially in Pakistan, us Pakistani enjoy and idolize our favorite Indian movies and actors. Every country promoted their religion, tradition and culture through media and India has been quite successful in doing that. Today our Muslim children have memorized all the rituals that are performed in exorcism movies ( I.e; 1920 the movie) and all the Hindu prayers instead of what’s in the Quran and its message. Furthermore Indian movies always come up with a feature song, which basically is also known as Item Song. Which features famous actresses for a dance performance in the movie. Such movies have been a huge source of negativity in our country. Indian movies promote nudity and vulgarity which is strictly forbidden in the laws of Islam. The young generations is very much attracted to such movies, songs and stars, which have proved to be very normal. The sad part is that even parents are so outdated from technology they have no idea about the current affairs and what their children are doing on their devices. Our Film Industry seems highly motivated to compete the Indian Cinema too, as they in their recent movies have been featuring Item Songs (i.e Karachi se Lahore). There are various Indian Movies that have been produced to promote rivalry between Pakistan and India which has been a very huge point of negativity leading to recreation of history. This has created a negative image about Pakistan in the minds of our children because the Indian Cinema has blinded the youth by showing false glories and fabricated history to encourage the greatness of Hindustan. The young minds in return get double minded and curious to know what exactly is behind the story and not everyonr is able to prove what actually happened because our elders and seniors, they themselves have been idolizing the Indian Cinema throughout ages. On the brighter side, there are a few positive impacts too, movies like Tarey Zameen Par, 3 Idiots have been quite encouraging and inspirational for the whole nations as the stories they portray have effected A lot of minds from teachers to students who has changed alot of perspectives of people regarding studies. LITERATURE REVIEW With the collaboration of British film Institute, UK film Council and film London both have explored on the local celluloid. They’ve depicted and looked into the impact of Local cinema on their communities and to develop impact measurement tools, they selected 5 case study cinemas and initial desk researches to explore existing literature on the impact measurement methodologies. They dabbled cinemas of the urban and rural areas of UK. And the research they discoursed and depicted the social, cultural and environmental impacts of Local cinema and overview of income and expenditure on and of cinema. Suraj pratap had some aims behind this desertation which was to analyze the relation of cinnama and Society. There were personal references of the Indian audience on the basis of interest. They discussed the impact of cinema on audience and understood the factors of bollywood either it’d be positive or negative. He implemented the method in which he conducted the number of studies across the world letting in India. They have researched on the students that how science fiction films has an effect on them. Even nowadays Hollywood industry is working on the sci-fic movies way too much and the way modern world is going ahead, students have gained interest in these sort of movies. They’ve studied context and participants have collected data. They found this by naturalistic research method, students who watched this science fiction movies had some number of misunderstandings about earth science concepts as compared to the students who don’t watch the movies. It effects negatively and makes a false concept of Science phenomena. They researched just to get the answer of the question as title mentioned it, 3D movies has the genre where viewers can imagine that all the scenes are having the plave infront of them and all scenerios are in real. We are just going in the flow with the movie and creates the fiction place, characters and story. The methods they used in this research was the sickness questionaire in which they study if it effecting the children negatively as rays may effects them negatively on the other hand they study the design and its eligibility and they made the stastical analysis too. Its a research in which linda rufer defines how movies are effecting children and teenagers psycological manner, where she connects movies with the emotions of children as viewers they connects the fictional movie with themselves as films has the feel of words and actions. Linda describes the positivity in movies many characters have pure soul with the positivity in it where children can get motivation and let them think about their lives, gives hope and energy. Discussion about the category and traits in the research is visible, movies helps children to differenciate between the wrong and right path where teamwork and other good habits like forgiving, being down to earth and many others like this may help teens to get themselves on the road of success. RESEARCH METHADOLOGY Qualative method will be use in this research, Where I will choose 5 to 10 movies as case study to find the objectives and characters of the movies and how they are effecting on the children of pakistan. I will conduct a small interview with the parents in which I discuss the routine of their children and which sort of things children pick after watching movies it leads me to get the answers of my questions. HYPOTHESIS NULL HYPOTHESIS: Ho Indian movies has vulgarity and unacceptable elements for the children. ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS: HI Indian movies has not vulgarity and unacceptable elements for the children. REFERENCES : British film institute, UK film council, Film LONDON ( 5 November 2005 ). THE IMPACT OF LOCAL CINEMA Suraj Pratap Singh, Banaras hindu university ( Dept. Of Sociology ) Varanasi 22001 ( 4 feb 2015 ) IMPACT OF CINEMA ON YOUTH Heather Barnett, heather Wagner, Anne Gatling, Janice Anderson, Meredith Houle, Alan Kafka ( 25 August 2006 ). IMPACT OF SCIENCE FICTION ON STUDENT UNDERSTANDINGS OF SCIENCE. Angelo G., Solimini ( 13 Feb 2013 ). ARE THERE SIDE EFFECTS TO WATCHING 3D MOVIES? Linda Rufer, University of Pennsylvania ( 1 August 2014 ). MAGIC AT THE MOVIES: POSITIVE PSYCOLOGY FOR CHILDREN, ADOLESCENTS AND FAMILIES. How to cite Impacts of Indian Cinema on Children of Pakistan, Papers

Nocturnal Awakening And Frequent Crying †Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss About The Nocturnal Awakening And Frequent Crying? Answer: Introduction: Nocturnal awakening and frequent crying episode in young children gives major challenges to parents while caring for their children. Bed time problem and night awakening affect about 20 to 30% of infants and toddlers. This problem initiating in infancy often persist in school age too. This is found to have deleterious effect on children such as poor cognitive development, mood problems, aggressive behavior and attention deficit. All this consequently has an impact on health and quality of life of children too. In case of parents, crying episodes and nocturnal awakening in children increases their distress level due to fatigue and lack of sleep (Honaker and Meltzer 2014) Hence, there is a need to find strategies or intervention to manage bedtime tantrums of children. The research by Rickert and Johnson (1988) identified the intervention of scheduled awakening as an effective strategy to reduce and gradually eliminate the crying episodes and night awakening in young children. The study mainly evaluated the effectiveness of scheduled awakening by comparing it with systematic ignoring procedure. The scheduled awakening intervention is the business process of waking and consoling a child 15 to 30 minute before nocturnal awakening to assist in sleep consolidation. The maturation in sleep pattern was analysed by means including a no treatment group without the intervention too. This report critically analysed the research study by comparing it with recent literature on the same issue to assess whether such intervention should be funded or not. Hence, the decision for funding the intervention depends on its critical appraisal by means of relevant CASP tool Search strategy: To analyse the effectiveness of scheduled awakening in reducing nocturnal awakening in young children, there is a need to review recent research literatures related to the topic to find out whether same strategies or other interventions has been proposed for addressing the research problem. The main strategy for searching the research article is to include only those articles which have been published between 2007 and 2017. The other inclusion criteria for articles includes they must be peer reviewed journal articles written in English and they must cover the strategies to manage nocturnal awakening in young children. The relevant research articles were retrieved from the databases like CINAHL, PubMed, Cochrane library and the search engine called Google Scholar. The key search term used in searching the articles included nocturnal awakening and crying episodes in young children, intervention for nocturnal awakening in infants and strategies to address nocturnal awakening issues in c hildren. The inclusion criteria and specific search term can help to review current studies and evaluate current interventions proposed for the same issue. Literature search: The key findings from the review of literature are as follows: Author and date Intervention Key findings Honaker and Meltzer (2014). It analysed the effect of behavioral interventions on bedtime problem and night awakening Almost 94% studies reported efficacious outcome and clinical improvement in young children by using behavioral therapy. Support was given to interventions like scheduled awakening and positive routine Meltzer and Mindell, 2014 Behavioral interventions like graduated extinction, parent education, bedtime fading, scheduled awakening was evaluated for their effect in sleep consolidation Behavioral treatment resulted in improvement in childrens sleep onset latency and night waking frequency, however there is lack of studies that identified factors needed for success of treatment. Vriend and Corkum, (2011) Clinical management of behavioral insomnia It explained about different form of interventions for behavioral insomnia such as pharmacological intervention, behavioral treatment and sleep treatments. Behavioral treatment was found to be the first in line treatment for the night awakening Werner et al. (2015) The Zurich 3 concept for the management of sleep disorder in children. This process combines the sleep regulation model on introducing regular rhythm with adjusting bed time with behavioral strategies. The intervention was found to decrease nocturnal wake duration of children and increase night sleep duration. Price et al. (2012) Evaluation of behavioral infant sleep intervention to improve infant sleep Sleep intervention has no long term impact and parents can use their technique only for managing short to medium term sleep problems and maternal depression Critical appraisal: As the research study by Rickert and Johnson (1988) is based on randomized controlled method, the CASP tool for randomized controlled trial has been applied for critically appraising the articles. The results of the appraisal are as follows: Validity of the results of the study Presence of focused issue in the study: Rickert and Johnson (1988) gave clear indication of the focused issue in the study by clearly stating the main purpose of research. The main aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of scheduled awakening and systematic ignoring procedures (intervention) for decreasing awakening and crying episodes in infants and young children (population). Hence, the main intervention was scheduled awakening and systematic ignoring and the comparator was no treatment condition Process of allocation: In RCT studies, random allocation process is needed to randomly assign participants to treatment and control group. When this process is done correctly, it is effective in reducing bias in the system. Therefore, the two critical aspects of the random allocation process is developing random sequence and concealing the treatment before patients have been assigned to specific groups (Dettori 2010). The participants for the randomized controlled trial included 33 children with average age of 20 months and they were recruited via local newspaper advertisements. All the children were economy assigned to treatment group and control group before home visit (Rickert and Johnson 1988). Hence, it is confirmed that allocation sequence were concealed from researcher and patients as parents got to know about their assigned group only after data was collected regarding each childs daily schedule (duration of time awake for the day, feeding time, duration when child spontaneously woke up and cried a nd unusual situations disrupting routine) for 9 nine weeks. Treatment of patients who entered the trial: To assess whether all participants who entered the trial were properly accounted for its conclusion or not, it is necessary that complete follow up of patient is done and researcher analyze the outcome in participants assigned to specific group. In this context, anomalies have been found in the treatment of group in the study. For instance, at first children were randomly assigned to control, scheduled awakening or systematic ignoring group. However, as many children dropped out in between, only 33 participants remained for the study out of 56. To ensure that all participants were analyzed in their assigned group, parents were asked to report seven days prior to treatment. This helped in maintaining baseline data for the study. The maintenance of baseline data reflects the validity and transparency of the study as it helps in effectively interpreting the study results (Deke and Puma 2013). Blinding to treatment Blinding in randomized controlled trial is done by having procedures that prevents participants and assessors from knowing which intervention was given to them. However, it is impossible to achieve blinding in studies, because for evaluating the outcome of the studies, active engagement of participants is required. In the research study by Rickert and Johnson (1988), all children and their parents were randomly assigned to treatment. This means allocation to treatment was concealed from them, however it cannot be said that they were blinded to treatment too. They were randomly assigned to control and the two intervention group and participants got to know about their assigned group only after data related to the history of spontaneous awakening in each child were collected. Hence, open labeling in this study was seen which did not fulfilled the blinding criteria and this may lead to biasness too. In a similar RCT study done to evaluate the effectiveness of behavioral sleep interventi on, infants were selected on the basis of parents reported sleep problem, however the difference in approach from the above study was that allocation was concealed and only researchers but not parents were blinded to group allocation (Price et al. 2012). Similarity of the groups at the start of the trial While evaluating the quality of a RCT study, the similarity of the group at the start of the trial is denoted by baseline factors such as age, sex, social class, education and health status. Keeping these baseline parameters similar is critical for maintain the validity of the study because baselines factors also influence study outcome and effect of interventions (Higgins et al. 2011). Rickert and Johnson (1988) maintained the similarity of group at the start by taking children in the age group of 6 to 54 months. However, biasness in baseline factors was that same social factor was not maintained. For instance, there were single parent families as well as two-parent families. Difference in level of education of parents was also seen which might have great impact on the study outcome. Such baseline recruitment is not maintained in many other studies too. Equal treatment of the group: Equal treatment of the group in randomized controlled trial is maintained if researcher can identify any other factors apart from the intervention that might have an impact on performance on each participant. Rickert and Johnson (1988) equally treated the group by means of exclusion criteria for recruiting the participants. For instance, since two interventions- scheduled awakening and systematic ignoring was compared in this study, researchers took care to eliminate all those factors that could have an impact on interventions. Hence, the main consideration for the researcher was to exclude those parents who did not had concern regarding spontaneous awakening. Secondly, children who resisted in going to bed were excluded because scheduled awakening is not meant to address this problem and this could have an impact on study outcome. In addition, the researcher also analysed the baseline data for age and number of night awakening episodes to determine difference in groups according to baseline factors. Vastness of treatment effect In RCT studies, treatment effect is understood from the method of comparison between outcome in intervention and control group. While comparing the decrease in the number of spontaneous awakening and crying episodes in each group, it was found that children in systematic ignoring group has faster rate of positive outcome in 8 weeks period. Another significant result from the study was that scheduled awakening was also considered to be effective in reducing night awakening, however the change or improvement in symptoms was slow in this case. The researcher also specified the period at which major difference in outcome in three groups were seen and this was observed mainly in week 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 (Rickert and Johnson 1988). Hence, it can be said that be evaluating treatment groups in the order of intervention, the first place was taken by systematic ignoring condition followed by scheduled awakening and then the no treatment group. This result is also consistent with a study reviewing sleep management interventions as the study showed that systematically ignoring the demands of children for specific periods was effective in improving sleep patterns in children (Halal. and Nunes 2014). Estimate of the treatment effect The precision of the treatment effect in RCT studies is determined on the basis of confidence interval and effect size. This means that narrow confidence interval will denote clear precision in results, whereas wider interval is an indication of greater uncertainty in results. While evaluating Rickert and Johnson (1988) study on the basis of precision of its results, it can be said that the confidence interval is wide because great variability in control group and developmental trends were seen. This indicates that more research is needed to identify why children in no treatment group showed improvement in outcome. Despite this limitation, the study was successful in proving that systematic ignoring and scheduled awakening have positive effect in reducing sleep related behavioral issues in infants. Another study by ?rn?ec, Matthey and Nemeth, (2010) is most appropriate to justify this study outcome because the study was about the behavioral approaches of systematic ignoring and sched uled awakening only. The study proved the efficacy of the intervention. Application of the study result The success of any research is understood when the research provided effective and validated evidence regarding applying the intervention is local population. The generalisability and transferability of a research is high if same intervention can be easily applied in local population. In the RCT study reviewing the effectiveness of systematic ignoring and nocturnal scheduling, it can be said that although systematic ignoring gave better outcome, however there is less chance of applying it in local setting. This is because many parents may not prefer ignoring their childs cry as an appropriate treatment to reduce night awakening period. There is evidence also which have showed that parents strongly resist employing the systematic ignoring approach for their child (Etherton, Blunden and Hauck 2016). Hence, this fact suggest that scheduled awakening might be a better intervention to apply in local setting due its acceptance level among parents compared to systematic ignoring. The limita tion in acceptance of systematic ignoring also suggest that more research work is required to find effective alternative to ignoring that can give positive results too. There is also a need to conduct more research on understanding the mechanism to reinforce positive sleep behavior in children if systematic scheduling technique needs to be applied in the local population Consideration of clinically important outcomes In the context of night awakening problem in children, the most clinically significant outcome was reducing the period of nocturnal awakening and frequency of awakening in children. Rickert and Johnson (1988) proved the efficacy of systematic ignoring and systematic awakening by means of clinical outcomes too. For instance, dramatic improvement in frequency of awakening in children was seen in the systematic ignorance group and the crying episodes were reduced in other intervention group. Hence, clinically also the study is outcome, however focusing on clinical outcome of parents like stress level post intervention would also have enhanced the validity and quality of the study Value of the benefits from research The RCT trial needed both cost and time investment, however this investment was worth the effort because the efficacy of both the interventions for children could be easily judged. The study gave honest response regarding the efficacy of scheduled awakening intervention compared to systematic ignoring on grounds of its viability and acceptance level by parents. However, the only limitation is that its effects are slower and identifying the correct mechanism for this intervention will improve the outcome associated with it. Conclusion: This report highlighted the issue of nocturnal awakening and crying episodes in children and it impact on both parent and childs heath. The critical appraisal of the research by Rickert and Johnson (1988) along with comparison from recent research literature revealed that scheduled awakening is a beneficial strategy to reduce nocturnal awakening time in children. The literature search regarding similar topic also revealed that scheduled awakening is more favorable for reducing sleep problem in children. Hence, after realizing the efficacy of scheduled awakening intervention, it can be said that this intervention should be funded. It is also recommended to improve the mechanism associated with this intervention so that it can be easily implemented in community. More research regarding appropriate mechanism behind scheduled awakening would help to get clinical significant outcome in children and parents. Reference ?rn?ec, R., Matthey, S. and Nemeth, D., 2010. Infant sleep problems and emotional health: a review of two behavioural approaches.Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology,28(1), pp.44-54. Deke, J. and Puma, M., 2013.Coping with missing data in randomized controlled trials. Mathematica Policy Research. Dettori, J., 2010. The random allocation process: two things you need to know.Evidence-based spine-care journal,1(03), pp.7-9. Etherton, H., Blunden, S. and Hauck, Y., 2016. Discussion of extinction-based behavioral sleep interventions for young children and reasons why parents may find them difficult.Journal of clinical sleep medicine: JCSM: official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine,12(11), p.1535. Halal, C.S. and Nunes, M.L., 2014. Education in children's sleep hygiene: which approaches are effective? A systematic review.Jornal de pediatria,90(5), pp.449-456. Higgins, J.P., Altman, D.G., Gtzsche, P.C., Jni, P., Moher, D., Oxman, A.D., Savovi?, J., Schulz, K.F., Weeks, L. and Sterne, J.A., 2011. The Cochrane Collaborations tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials.Bmj,343, p.d5928. Honaker, S.M. and Meltzer, L.J., 2014. Bedtime problems and night wakings in young children: an update of the evidence. accounting respiratory reviews,15(4), pp.333-339. Meltzer, L.J. and Mindell, J.A., 2014. Systematic review and meta-analysis of behavioral interventions for pediatric insomnia.Journal of Pediatric Psychology,39(8), pp.932-948. Price, A.M., Wake, M., Ukoumunne, O.C. and Hiscock, H., 2012. Five-year follow-up of harms and benefits of behavioral infant sleep intervention: randomized trial.Pediatrics,130(4), pp.643-651. Rickert, V.I. and Johnson, C.M., 1988. Reducing nocturnal marketing and crying episodes in infants and young children: a comparison between scheduled awakenings and systematic ignoring.Pediatrics,81(2), pp.203-212. Vriend, J. and Corkum, P., 2011. Clinical management of behavioral insomnia of childhood.Psychology research and behavior management,4, p.69. Werner, H., Hunkeler, P., Benz, C., Molinari, L., Guyer, C., Hfliger, F., Huber, R. and Jenni, O.G., 2015. The Zurich 3-step concept for the management of behavioral sleep disorders in children: a before-and-after study.Journal of clinical sleep medicine: JCSM: official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine,11(3), p.241.

Zara Market Segment Essay Example

Zara Market Segment Paper Founded in 1975 in Spain, the clothing company Ezra owns over 2000 stores in 88 countries. Its parent company, Inedited, one of the worlds biggest fashion retailers with eight brands and more than 6390 stores worldwide, made a net profit of over 2. 3 billion euros last year. Ezra builds its global success on speed, which allows it to deliver the new designed product to different stores around the world within fourteen days. Ezra strategically opened its stores in leading cities with high population. Obviously it is related to Saras market segment. Though Inedited designs various similar fashion clothing brands like PullBear, Shoo and Strabismus, their targeted customers and market segments are not the same, but complementary. Ezra targets its own market segment and accordingly has separate design, production and positioning strategy. Demographic segmentation plays a vital role. Saras market segment focuses on women rather than men. Specifically, its targeted customers are between 18-40 with mid-range income. Most of them are interested in fashion and hold a hectic lifestyle. Though they are fashion freaks they might not be affordable to the luxury couture and they may not focus on the quality. Based on this, what they expect particularly from the market is the fancy and trendy clothing with medium-priced and rapid replacement, which means the speed of design, producing and delivery is crucial. In order to satisfy their needs, Saras designers get their inspiration and design and then stylish clothes can be presented in every Ezra store only fourteen days later, whilst, most fashion brands sell their clothes in four seasons. We will write a custom essay sample on Zara Market Segment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Zara Market Segment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Zara Market Segment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Lower price, moderate quality, fast and reliable delivery, wide range of fashionable products are the competitive factors of Ezra. Such competitive advantages rely on the continuous creation and fast speed of shipping new products. To achieve these, Saras young designers design around 40000 new clothes per year and launch 10000 of them. Most new designs are the latest trend but with a lower price, which helps Ezra beat its luxury fashion brands who provide the similar design products. Thus, lower cost, fast speed and reliable delivery are all order winners.

Free Essays on Police Corruption

Police corruption By: Ben Police corruption is a complex phenomenon, which does not readily submit to simple analysis. It is a problem that has and will continue to affect us all, whether we are civilians or law enforcement officers. Since its beginnings, many aspects of policing have changed; however, one aspect that has remained relatively unchanged is the existence of corruption. An examination of a local newspaper or any police-related publication on any given day will have an article about a police officer that got busted committing some kind of corrupt act. Police corruption has increased dramatically with the illegal cocaine trade, with officers acting alone or in-groups to steal money from dealers or distribute cocaine themselves. Large groups of corrupt police have been caught in New York, New Orleans, Washington, DC, and Los Angeles. Methodology: Corruption within police departments falls into 2 basic categories, which are external corruption and internal corruption. In this report I will concentrat e only on external corruption because it has been the larger center of attention recently. In simple terms, corruption in policing is usually viewed as the misuse of authority by a police officer acting officially to fulfill personal needs or wants. For a corrupt act to ocure, three distinct elements of police corruption must be present simultaneously: 1) missuse of authority, 2) missuse of official capacity, and 3) missuse of personal attainment. (Dantzker,1995: p157) It can be said that power inevitably tends to corrupt, and it is yet to be recognized that, while there is no reason to suppose that policemen as individuals are any less fallible than other members of society, people are often shocked and outraged when policemen are exposed violating the law. The reason is simple. There deviance elicits a special feeling of betrayal. "Most studies support the view that corruption is endemic, if not universal, in police departme... Free Essays on Police corruption Free Essays on Police corruption Police corruption By: Ben Police corruption is a complex phenomenon, which does not readily submit to simple analysis. It is a problem that has and will continue to affect us all, whether we are civilians or law enforcement officers. Since its beginnings, many aspects of policing have changed; however, one aspect that has remained relatively unchanged is the existence of corruption. An examination of a local newspaper or any police-related publication on any given day will have an article about a police officer that got busted committing some kind of corrupt act. Police corruption has increased dramatically with the illegal cocaine trade, with officers acting alone or in-groups to steal money from dealers or distribute cocaine themselves. Large groups of corrupt police have been caught in New York, New Orleans, Washington, DC, and Los Angeles. Methodology: Corruption within police departments falls into 2 basic categories, which are external corruption and internal corruption. In this report I will concentrat e only on external corruption because it has been the larger center of attention recently. In simple terms, corruption in policing is usually viewed as the misuse of authority by a police officer acting officially to fulfill personal needs or wants. For a corrupt act to ocure, three distinct elements of police corruption must be present simultaneously: 1) missuse of authority, 2) missuse of official capacity, and 3) missuse of personal attainment. (Dantzker,1995: p157) It can be said that power inevitably tends to corrupt, and it is yet to be recognized that, while there is no reason to suppose that policemen as individuals are any less fallible than other members of society, people are often shocked and outraged when policemen are exposed violating the law. The reason is simple. There deviance elicits a special feeling of betrayal. "Most studies support the view that corruption is endemic, if not universal, in police departme... Free Essays on Police Corruption Police Corruption Police corruption is a complex phenomenon, which does not readily submit to simple analysis. It is a problem that has and will continue to affect us all, whether we are civilians or law enforcement officers. Since its beginnings, may aspects of policing have changed; however, one aspect that has remained relatively unchanged is the existence of corruption. An examination of a local newspaper or any police-related publication on any given day will have an article about a police officer that got busted committing some kind of corrupt act. Police corruption has increased dramatically with the illegal cocaine trade, with officers acting alone or in-groups to steal money from dealers or distribute cocaine themselves. Large groups of corrupt police have been caught in New York, New Orleans, Washington, DC, and Los Angeles. Methodology: Corruption within police departments falls into 2 basic categories, which are external corruption and internal corruption. In this report I will concentrate only on external corruption because it has been the larger center of attention recently. My definitional information and background data came from various books cited that have been written on the issue of police corruption. Those books helped me create a basis of just what the different types of corruption and deviancies are, as well as how and why corruption happens. The books were filled with useful insight but were not update enough, so I relied on the newspaper articles to provide me with the current, and regional information that was needed to complete this report. In simple terms, corruption in policing is usually viewed as the misuse of authority by a police officer acting Budds 2 officially to fulfill personal needs or wants. For a corrupt act to occur, three distinct elements of po... Free Essays on Police Corruption Police Corruption Police corruption is a problem that has vested itself in police departments across the United States. It is a problem that has and will continue to affect us all, whether we are civilians or law enforcement officers. Since its early development, many aspects of policing have changed; however, one aspect that has remained relatively unchanged is the existence of corruption. Whether its sheltered within the department or broadcast on every news channel across the world its an element of our departments that must come to a seize. Police corruption has become a very serious problem in today’s police departments. Large groups of corrupt police have been caught in New York, New Orleans, Washington, DC, and Los Angeles. Abuse by law enforcement officers in the United States is one of the most serious and divisive violations to humans in this country. The violations persist nationwide, in rural, suburban, and urban areas of the country, committed by various law enforcement personnel including local and state police, sheriff’s departments, and federal agents. Police have engaged in unjustified shootings, severe beatings, fatal choking, and unnecessary rough treatment, persists because overwhelming barriers to accountability make it possible for officers who commit violations to escape due punishment and often to repeat their offenses. While the proportion of repeatedly abusive officers on any force is generally small, responsible authorities including law enforcement supervisors, as well as local and federal government leadership often fail to act decisively to restrain or penalize such acts. In simple terms, corruption in policing is usually viewed as the misuse of authority by a police officer acting officially to fulfill personal needs or wants. For a corrupt act to occur, three distinct elements of police corruption must be present simultaneously: 1) misuse of authority, 2) misuse of official capacity, and ...

Reconstruction Term Paper

Reconstruction Term Paper Reconstruction Term Paper Reconstruction Term Paper If you have received an assignment to write a reconstruction term paper, you should start with narrowing the topic. Choose one aspect of the topic and develop it. Of course, if your term paper has to be 20 pages in length, the topic should be broad enough.Below is a short term paper sample written on the topic reconstruction. If you need more sample term papers, please check our term paper blog. If you need custom term paper writing service, try our professional help. Custom written paper is original and fully referenced. You will never find it posted in the Internet! Reconstruction Term Paper Sample Though Sumner and Stevens are often the only names heard in text-book accounts of Reconstruction they stood amid a remarkable group of self-made politicians. 1 Amongst them one of the most forceful was Senator Ben Wade, who had been born in 1800 of an old but poor family on a small Massachusetts farm and received little formal education. In 1821 Wade moved to Ohio and followed various occupations before beginning the study of law in 1825; with a rapidity which might be the envy of lawyers in more settled societies he was called to the bar in 1827 or 1828 and joined the firm of Joshua Giddings at the very fountainhead of political abolitionism. He became a State senator, then a judge, and in 1851 was sent to the United States Senate where he was soon recognized as an anti-slavery leader. During the war he was chairman of the key Committee on the Conduct of the War. Wade was vigorous, impulsive and likeable; men deprecated his rough methods of speech and distrusted his judgment but nev er questioned his sincerity and integrity. In 1864 Gideon Welles, though thinking that 'the old man was a little acrimonious towards the President', found Wade 'very pleasant and affable'. In 1868, when much water had flowed under the Reconstruction bridge Welles lamented that ' Wade has become demoralized, and is not the plain, single-minded, honest, unambitious man he was a few years since'. Senator Henry Wilson of Massachusetts had been born as Jeremiah Colbath in 1812. on a very poor New England farm. At the age of twenty he changed his name to Henry Wilson, and established himself as a shoemaker at Natick in Massachusetts; here he built up a considerable business and the 'cobbler of Natick' was actually a successful employer of some hundred men. His happy relations with his work-people foreshadowed the future career of one who was to prove himself the canniest vote-getter in all New England and to rise to the highest positions without ever losing touch with the simple voters of his State. Throughout his adolescence he had been an omnivorous reader, and in spite of his lack of education became a widely informed man. He entered State politics as a Whig Free Soiler and was for a time editor of the anti-slavery Boston Republican. For a short period, which he was always to regret, he joined the Know-Nothings but withdrew in protest against their intolerance and refusal to adopt antislavery views.

An economical analysis of the car market in Saudi Arabia Essay

An economical analysis of the car market in Saudi Arabia - Essay Example The region has been affected by the Arab uprising causing many economies to strain. The move by the government of Saudi Arabia to inject US$37 billion into the economic social initiatives is likely to improve the consumer purchasing power (Hutchison and Davies 42). This has increased the sales and revenues in the motor vehicle sector. Most retailers and importers in the country have started dealership expansion programs. This paper gives an economic analysis of the car market in Saudi Arabia. The car market in the country has been bent towards high-end models. However, there is a propensity towards purchases in the lower-priced family cars. The cars to small and their running cost are economical. The demand for family cars is expected to rise with increase in population (IMF, 2008). In 2010, the market for ultra-luxury cars grew by 39 percent. Porsche and Lexus have opened high-end servicing centers in anticipation for rising demand. Commercial vehicles are responsible for 20 percent of the demand for auto mobile products in Saudi Arabia. The increasing spending in government infrastructure and the demand created by visiting pilgrims continues to be a major boost in the sector. Literature review Saudi Arabia remains the largest importer of vehicles in Middle East (Hutchison and Davies 42). ... This has affected the car industry positively (IMF, 2008). In 2009, about 600,000 units were purchased. This represented a sales rise of 1 percent. However, the demand for vehicles grew by 12 percent in the following year (Ahmed, 103). The flood situation in Thailand and the tsunami in Japan affected the supply chains in the Saudi market (Hutchison and Davies 42). This resulted to 0.7 percent decline. The growth in demand for private vehicles was inversely proportional to the commercial vehicles in 2011 (IMF, 2008). The automobile industry is dominated by Japanese brands (Abushakra, 19). This accounts for over 60 percent. Increased competition from Korean brands is making the automobile industry favorable to the customers (Hutchison and Davies 42). The Korean brands are low priced and offer improved quality (Abushakra, 19). The trends in the automobile market share are changing as new market entrants gain momentum in the local market (Hutchison and Davies 42). The young generation is getting draw to small cars causing a shift of preference. The expansion in the private sector is responsible for the surge in demand for small cars (Hakes, 51). The automotive sector in the Saudi market is expected to grow by about 7 percent in the next two years. The imports are might grow to over one million cars (IMF, 2008). The financial support for the importation of cars is on the increase as banks offer increased credit to support supply levels (Hakes, 51). The oil revenues continue to support the fiscal position of the government. Increased spending on the infrastructure is causing the demand for vehicles to remain high (Ahmed, 103). The modernizing of transport facilities in the kingdom will result in sustainable development (Hutchison and Davies 42). The

Knowledge management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Knowledge management - Essay Example Conversely, knowledge management views knowledge as a tacit concept that is resident in individuals and organizations. Information management seeks to enhance internal processes and ensure the quality of business operations whilst knowledge management seeks to facilitate knowledge-rich relations and support ongoing innovation and development. Most Information Management Systems are based on business processes that are clearly defined, relatively stable and involve similar objects such as applications, invoices, and orders. Examples of such business processes include production processes, logistics, and administration. On the other hand, knowledge management systems are dynamic and difficult to predict because different times and situations need different knowledge. The people involved in knowledge management do not need information. Rather, they look for background information, argumentations, conclusions, methods, opinions, analyses and best practices. Knowledge management strategy is primarily the domain of human resource director and its significance to the director explains this. The strategy helps formalize, store, share, distribute, and coordinate an organization’s knowledge assets all of which are functions that touch on the work of the human resource director. The director is able to modify the culture of an organization in such a way that the organization’s values and norms seamlessly connect with the knowledge management strategy. Human resource director is able to promote a climate of trust and commitment in an organization in order to make it easy to manage knowledge. This director has the capacity to organize an organization’s employees in to networks, teams, and communities of practice in order to enhance sharing of knowledge. The strategy also helps human resource director to influence an organization to adopt policies that encourage the hiring and

Witness essay 2012 hsc Essay Example for Free

Witness essay 2012 hsc Essay How does Weir’s portrayal of the relationship between Book and his world move us into a deeper understanding of power? The 1985 film ‘witness’ directed by Peter weir is a crime/drama that develops the theme of conflict though individual power on a social, cultural and personal level. These areas of power are highlighted through the use of film techniques such as; camera shots, camera angles, lighting and costume. The film outlines the juxtaposition between mainstream American society and the Amish community in regional Pennsylvania, the theme of power between Book and his world precisely emphasize this juxtaposition. The competent American society is seen as a violent and arrogant group of people, whereas the Amish community is seen as the defenceless peaceful, religious group of people. Peter weir is careful to portray power realistically; he does this though the use of violence. Weir uses three basic groups when it comes to violence. The Amish, who refuse violence in all circumstances, men like John Book who use violence to achieve justice, and the perpetrators of violence, people like Schaeffer and Mcfee, who use violence to achieve outcomes and power. Books life is one abundant with violence that is the consequence of his line of work, which essentially is present due to his authorised general level of power, he is a police officer so by law enforcement is required to exert his power though violence and literal means in order to protect and support the community in which he lives, even if this means extermination of one’s life. Weir presents the violence in the film in a graphic, confronting way. This is done to emphasise to the audience the bloody consequences that come from negative use of power to achieve justice or commit crimes. By not sensationalising violence, weir creates a realistic mis en scene; however Weir presents that violence, as used by people like John Book is necessary, as long as people like Mcphee and Schaeffer exist. The impracticality of the Amish view is presented when they are shown being harassed by tourists. Eli’s statement â€Å"it happens, we ignore them†, show that it is a regular occurrence. The idea of not using violence, even in self defence is shown to be impractical in the wider world. The Amish are community is here portrayed as one in absence of power, even though they could possibly defend themselves or use violence they choose to accept the disturbance by the modern society, and use pacifism to be genuine to their culture, being respective but vulnerable. However accompanying them is John Book, being a stereotypical police officer he possesses the power in violence and is unafraid and unrestricted to making use of it. By utilising the power he has hold of, he attacks the hecklers as he is ambiguous to achieving a sense of justice for the Amish, demonstrating the conflicting use of power when Eli says â€Å"it’s not our way† and John Book replies â€Å"but it’s my way†.

Miracles: When Faith Contradicts Reason :: Essays Papers

Miracles: When Faith Contradicts Reason When the term "miracle" comes to mind, the average person doesn’t quite know what to say. After all, a miracle is something unexplained that is looked upon in awe. Webster’s Universal Dictionary defines a miracle as: . "an extraordinary event attributed to the supernatural; an unusual or astounding event." 1 In today’s society, though, everyone has their own definition of astounding. Perhaps some people contribute certain events to the supernatural while others do not. So in today’s times, Webster’s New World Dictionary provides a clearer meaning of a miracle: . "an event or action that apparently contradicts known scientific laws." 2 In other words, it is a gap between faith and scientific reasoning. In modern medicine, a miracle is described as any occurrence where a higher power, God, for example, takes over and intervenes benevolently in the fate of the patient.3 The doctor, along with everyone else, can only marvel. As a generality, it can be said that miracles are modern examples of the continuing contradiction between faith and reason. When People Lose Hope in Modern Medicine At a certain point during a person’s illness, a doctor will say that there is just no more that can be done. Modern medicine, scientific technology, and healing techniques have done all they can, but tragically, the fate of the person looks grim, and death is rapidly approaching. It is then that people will hope for a miracle. Terri McFaddin, a minister, expresses the feelings of those seriously ill when saying that "We are living in desperate times where people are going to believe in things they can’t see because they can’t trust the things they can see. Miracles happen where natural resources end. One will walk into the realm of miracles when all natural resources have been exhausted." 4 When scientific reasoning and human knowledge have failed people and no cure can be found, that is when people will turn to their faith and hope for a miracle. They grip hope that is beyond reason and logic.5 Praise and worship leader Ron Kenoly says that more people are reali zing that to be helped with the great problems they face, they need to go beyond the limits of reason and the abilities of man.6 Today the largest percentages of Americans in a decade profess the existence of God and miracles, according to a poll commissioned by the Pew Research Center. Miracles: When Faith Contradicts Reason :: Essays Papers Miracles: When Faith Contradicts Reason When the term "miracle" comes to mind, the average person doesn’t quite know what to say. After all, a miracle is something unexplained that is looked upon in awe. Webster’s Universal Dictionary defines a miracle as: . "an extraordinary event attributed to the supernatural; an unusual or astounding event." 1 In today’s society, though, everyone has their own definition of astounding. Perhaps some people contribute certain events to the supernatural while others do not. So in today’s times, Webster’s New World Dictionary provides a clearer meaning of a miracle: . "an event or action that apparently contradicts known scientific laws." 2 In other words, it is a gap between faith and scientific reasoning. In modern medicine, a miracle is described as any occurrence where a higher power, God, for example, takes over and intervenes benevolently in the fate of the patient.3 The doctor, along with everyone else, can only marvel. As a generality, it can be said that miracles are modern examples of the continuing contradiction between faith and reason. When People Lose Hope in Modern Medicine At a certain point during a person’s illness, a doctor will say that there is just no more that can be done. Modern medicine, scientific technology, and healing techniques have done all they can, but tragically, the fate of the person looks grim, and death is rapidly approaching. It is then that people will hope for a miracle. Terri McFaddin, a minister, expresses the feelings of those seriously ill when saying that "We are living in desperate times where people are going to believe in things they can’t see because they can’t trust the things they can see. Miracles happen where natural resources end. One will walk into the realm of miracles when all natural resources have been exhausted." 4 When scientific reasoning and human knowledge have failed people and no cure can be found, that is when people will turn to their faith and hope for a miracle. They grip hope that is beyond reason and logic.5 Praise and worship leader Ron Kenoly says that more people are reali zing that to be helped with the great problems they face, they need to go beyond the limits of reason and the abilities of man.6 Today the largest percentages of Americans in a decade profess the existence of God and miracles, according to a poll commissioned by the Pew Research Center.

Effective Human Resources Essay

The four bands Each of the 10 professional areas is further divided into four levels or bands (from 1 to 4), which define the different levels of work activities and knowledge requirements within each area. There is also a useful section within the information on bands, entitled ‘Transitions’, which helps us identify how we can move, or prepare to move, from one professional band to the next. Band one Supports colleague with administration and process. Effectively manages information and data and is customer orientated. Band two Advices on and/or manages HR related issues relating to an individual or a team. Has a clear understanding of the evaluation process and the solutions available. Band three Leads a professional area acting as a consultant or partner, addresses key HR challenges at an organisational level for the medium and long term. Band four Leads and manages a professional area(s) and/or the organisation. Responsible for developing and delivering organisational and HR strategy. Activity 1 part B QUESTION comment on the activities and knowledge specified within any 1 professional  area, at either band 1 or band 2, identifying those you consider most essential to your own (or other identified) HR role. Answer Learning and development is one of the professional areas which I identified to be essential in HR role. The level of responsibilities are describe in three different ways, namely: a). what you need to know (knowledge) b). what you need to do (activities) c). How you need to do it ( behaviour) Knowledge In this professional area HR personnel are require to have knowledge about the organisational purpose, the key product/service and customer. Also require HR personnel to know the sector context in which the organisation operates, legal and market factors that impact performance. Activity The skills or abilities require of HR personnel in the (Learning and development) area are the abilities to collect, collate and analyse project metrics, data and report back on key information. Require of the HR personnel to provide accurate and timely information, data and advice to managers and employees on organisation’s people policies and procedure and employment. Behaviour HR personnel could carry out the activity successfully by using the following behaviour a). Driven to deliver- Demonstrates determination, resourcefulness and purpose to deliver the best results for the organisation. b). personally credible-Builds and delivers professionalism through combining commercial and HR expertise to bring value to the organisation, stakeholders and peers. The above aforementioned responsibilities is considered to be entry-level (i.e. BAND 1) in the HR profession. Reference 1. http://www.cipd.co.uk/NR/rdonlyres/B4D7EB6D-FD79-45A1-B32D-F951C7ACB3A4/0/978

Butler Lumber Case Study Analysis Essay

Subject: Butler Lumber Company Problem: Whether Mr. Mark Butler should go ahead with financing from Northrop National Bank or should stay with Suburban National Bank. Options: 1) Enter into a loan agreement with Northrop National Bank for USD 465,000 (Assumption: The condition to sever the relationship with Suburban National Bank applies to Short Term Loan only) 2) Continue short term lending relationship with Suburban National Bank for USD 250,000 and secure the company’s loan with real property Recommendation: Given available data, Butler Lumber company should enter into a loan agreement with Northrop National Bank for USD 465,000 Analysis: Our recommendation to Mr. Mark Butler to enter into agreement with Northrop Bank for line credit of USD 465,000 is based on the following factors: External Financing Need We assessed the company’s external financing need in 1991 based on the following scenarios: a)The current quarter net sales of 1991 attributes 26% of annual sales of company in 1991, since first quarter sales of 1990 contributed 26% of total 1990 net sales and hence the total net sales projected for 1991 is USD 2.77 Mn. Balance Sheet and Income statement have been projected at percentage of sales (Please refer to exhibit no. 1). In this scenario, we assume company doesn’t opt to take discounts on its purchases b)Net Sales of USD 2.77Mn, company opts to take discounts on its purchases c)Net sales in 1991 of USD 3.6Mn as indicated by bank’s investigator in the case study Under both the above scenarios, company would need more financing than its current bank credit facility of USD 250,000. Under scenario (a), if the company decides not to take discounts, then it would need short term credit facility of USD 211,000 to meet its short term capital requirements, however company’s accounts payables would increase to USD 263,000 and its net profit will be USD 49,000. Hence as far company’s financing need is concerned it can continue its short term relationship with the existing bank. On the other hand, if the company decides to take discounts, then it would need short term loan of USD 407,000 to meets its working capital requirements and hence would have to go into agreement with the new bank. Under this scenario, company’s accounts payables would amount to USD 55,000 and net profit would be USD 61,000. Under scenario no (b), Butler Lumber total assets are projected to outpace total liabilities (excluding short term loan) by USD 628, 000, hence the existing loan will be far from fulfilling client’s working capital needs and the loan from Northrop Bank will be able to bridge USD 465,000 of the gap, however company would still be needing USD 162,000 under current mode of operation. We recommend that apart from getting new line of credit from Northrop Bank, company should reduce its days receivables period. Increase in Profitability Option 1: If the company remains with the existing bank loan, the total interest expenses are projected to increase by USD 7,000 in 1991 and resulting into after-tax net profit USD 49,000 with loan from existing bank. The effective rate of interest expense is 13.2% with existing loan. (Please refer to exhibit _____) Compared to 1990, ROA will remain the same at 5% and ROE will remain at 13%. Option 2: If the company replaces its short term line of credit from its existing bank to new bank, the total interest expenses are projected to increase by USD 11,000 in 1991, however company will be able to earn discounts of USD 27,000, resulting into after-tax net profit of USD 61,000 with new loan as compared to after-tax net profit of USD 49,000 with loan from existing bank. The effective rate of interest expense with new loan, after taking effect of discount income, is 5.0% compared to 13.2% with existing loan. (Please refer to exhibit _____) Compared to 1990, ROA will increase to 6% while ROE will increase to 17%. These profitability ratios indicate a better result by taking up the new loan than staying with the old bank. By Dupont analysis (Please see exhibit___), the main drivers for the higher ROE for new loan is due to higher profit margin which offset the lower equity multiplier. The effect of the discount income has driven the profitability, which in turn reflected also in the ROE and ROA ratios. Changes in Flexibility with the new loan Decreasing Flexibility in Managerial Decisions: The company becomes less flexible in its managerial decisions by taking up the new loan. It would be bounded by the negative covenants imposed by the new bank. These negative covenants place clear restrictions to Butler’s future managerial decisions, including investments in fixed assets and limited withdrawals of funds. Because of Butler’s conservative operating so far, he should be able to deal with these restrictions. Furthermore, Butler Lumber’s increased sales are shielded from the general economic downturn to some degree due to the relatively large proportion of its repair business. This will facilitate the maintenance of the net working capital even in a general economic downturn stage. As additional part of the covenants the bank placed importance on the net working capital. This could have positive impact to the firm’s future. As the firm is affected by liquidity problems, the covenants on net working  capital will make Butler to be more mindful about firm liquidity in midst of sales expansion. Thus, it could reduce the chance of Butler ending back with a situation of liquidity issues. Increasing Flexibility in Financial Opportunities: Because company’s business is seasonal, the financial opportunities by the new loan offer scope to balance seasonal variations. Another point is the now possible use of discounts provided by suppliers (see Increase in Profitability section). Ratios (please refer to exhibit ___) Option 1: If Butler Lumber stays with the old bank we can observe a constant value, from 1990 to 1991, for net working capital, current and quick ratio. At first glance, seems that the firm is able to cover current liabilities with current assets, but, without the inventory (which takes more time to convert into cash), the situation is completely different. The D/E increases from 1,68 to 1,72, while the interest coverage presents a value, that, even if lower, is acceptable. With regard to the profitability, the ROA and the ROE remain constant. The cash cycle increases from 64 to 72: this is due to an increase to both inventory and receivables period, even if we can observe an increase in the payable as well. Option 2: Taking the new loan lead to an increase in net working capital, mainly due to the reduction of current liabilities (in fact, despite the increase in notes payable, there is a drastic reduction in accounts payable, in order to get the discount). In this scenario both current and quick ratio improve, indicating an improvement in firm’s liquidity. The D/E decreases from 1,68 to 1,62 and the interest coverage presents an acceptable value as well. Unlike scenario (a), profitability improves in a consistent way: ROA increases to 6% and ROE increases to 16%. The cash cycle rises significantly due to the combined effect of increase in inventory and receivables period and decrease in payable. Appendices Exhibit 1: projected income statement and balance sheet Projected income statement 19901991 USD in millions, FYE 31-DecActual% of Sales Scenario a-1Scenario a-2Scenario b Net sales12,694100.00% 2,7712,7713,600 COGS Beginning Inventory326418418418 Purchases2,0422,0182,0182,746 2,3682,4362,4363,164 Ending Inventory241815.52%430430559 Total COGS21,95072.38%2,0062,0062,606 GROSS PROFIT744 765765994 Operating expenses365820.90%667667840 Interest expenses433N.A405151 Discounts 2742 NET INCOME BEFORE TAXES53 5874145 Provision for income taxes59101437 NET INCOME44 4961107 Projected balance sheet 19901991 USD in millions, FYE 31-DecActual% of Sales Scenario a-1Scenario a-2Scenario b Cash2411.52%424255 Account receivable, net231711.77%326326424 Inventory418430430559 CURRENT ASSETS776 7987981037 Property, net21575.83%161161210 TOTAL ASSETS933 9609601247 Notes payable (bank)6233N.A247407465 Notes payable (Mr. Stark)0N.A000 Notes payable, trade0N.A000 Accounts payable22569.50%2635575 Accrued expenses39N.A393939 L-t debt, current portion77N.A777 CURRENT LIABILITIES535 556508586 L-t debt750N.A434343 TOTAL LIABILITIES585 599551629 Net worth348N.A348348348 Retained earnings84961107 New Net Worth397409455 TOTAL LIABILITIES & NET WORTH933 9969601084 PLUG EFN -360162 Scenarios: -a-1 refers to projected sales of $2,771m in 1991 and a continuing relationship with Suburban National Bank -a-2 refers to projected sales of $2,771m in 1991 and a new relationship with Northrop National Bank -b refers to projected sales of $3,600m in 1991 and a new relationship with Northrop National Bank Notes: 1 Q1 1991 sales are $718m. Q1 1990 sales were 25.91% of FY 1990 sales. We assume this ratio to be constant in scenario a. In scenario b, we rely of Northrop National bank’s assumption of $3,600m sales in 1991. 2 Assumed to be percentage of sales. 3 Operating expenses includes Mr. Butler’s salary. Operating expenses are projected by decreasing operating expenses of 1990 by $95K (salary) and applying percentage of sales to the operating expenses without salary, then adding back $88K (annualised Q1 1991 salary) to get the operating expenses of 1991. 4 : As a corporation, Butler is taxed @15% on its first $50,000 sales, @25% on the next $25,000, and @34% on all additional income above $75,000.

Renaisance essays

Renaisance essays The Renaissance was a period of rebirth in the arts. Yet this does not suggest that the new techniques and styles came directly from this period but rather an integration of old methods and new. This resulted in realistic, vivid, and emotional portals in works of art. Such example is the engraving titled Adam and Eve by Albrecht Drer. It was created in c1504 during the Renaissance period. Throughout this period the ideas formed were expressed in music, the arts, and literature. Drer was a religious man like many of the Early Renaissance Artists. This engraving shows the event when Adam and Even ate from the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge. In the beginning many people were still illiterate and could not decipher the bible by themselves. So many portraits were made to become a visual bible. This black and white engraving depicts when Eve breaks off a branch from the Forbidden Tree, and Adam is outstretching his hand to accept the fruit. They are lying against the tree while the Four animals assembled around the tree. The animals are the cat, ox, rabbit, and elk. They represent the medieval idea of the four temperaments, which were the four bodily fluids that determined ones essence; their soul and destiny. Drer portrays Adam and Eve rather realistically which corresponds with the Renaissance idea of humanism. Renaissance artists decided to go back to the Greek and Roman methods of art but with a mixture of secular and religious theme. Adam and Eve are sculpted in the round, figure appears to be able to be viewed 360degrees across. Drer extensively used the concept of perspective, the representation of solid objects into the deception that they are actually three dimensional. An example in the engraving is how the trees and house farther away from the Tree ...

Acme Garage

The purpose of this report is to analyze the current structure of the system used by Acme Garage to maintain the stock, purchase, vendor and transaction details and provide the updated structure with new proposed solution. This new solution can help Acme Garage to implement a single point of contact for all kind of transaction instead of using manual books for maintain job details and access database for customer and vendor details. Acme Garage is using Job books to maintain the details for certain job with all parts details that are used in the job with the customer linked to this. Maintaining the historical data of these kind of job books is not easy. Maintaining the excel for stock is not a good idea with orders in a filing cabinet. We have provided the report with the details which are presented below:   Acme Garage is a car repair company that have 2 major section administrative and mechanics section. Kim is working in office and maintain all order, jobs, customer and stock data in different form i.e. database, excel and manual copies. Bill and ben works as mechanics in the garage and record the job data on paper with the parts used in job and labor charges. Key issues of the current system are as below: The current system is used by Kim who have understanding of computer as she used excel to maintain stock and customer and vendor access database to create, retrieve and update ,delete the data. It is easier to create the application that can use the existing customer and supplier data in backend and create new tables to store rest of data. In this we have provided the present system that will get used by Kim who will have complete understanding the PC as they will get used the excel sheet for maintaining the client and stock and access the vendor the database for accessing for deleting, updating, retrieving and creating.  Ã‚   After analyze the current system it observed that stock management process should be automate and customer and supplier database should be in a single database. Order data also be integrate with this system. Based on the new proposed system below are the ER Diagram, class diagram and DFD   Below is the class diagram which was created with the help of tables that were used in this project: Below is the updated DFD which was created with the new details of the class diagram and we have provided the relationship also:   Below is the modeling for the data that is based on the diagram of the ER and we have provided the relationship among both of them: As per the new proposed system I have identified below tables with their primary and foreign keys. Below I have provided all the table names and their data types with the foreign and primary keys:   Acme Garage needs to implement a new system to manage all transactions related to customer, supplier and job. Based on the requirements below are the functional and Non-functional requirements. Programming prerequisites determination sets up the premise for an understanding amongst clients and contractual workers or suppliers (in business sector driven undertakings, these parts might be played by the promoting and advancement divisions) on what the product item is to do and in addition what it is not anticipated that would do. Programming prerequisites particular allows a thorough appraisal of necessities before outline can start and lessens later overhaul. It ought to likewise give a reasonable premise to evaluating item costs, dangers, and calendars Functional Requirements: Most necessities definition concentrates for the most part on practical prerequisites, which are based upon the normal working of the item or framework to be made. Working regularly is compared with item/framework highlights for which you may have a menu or catch decision, for example, recognize a client, select a thing to arrange, and compute the sum due. Non-functional Requirements: Nonfunctional necessities allude to an entire slew (I've distinguished more than 30) of qualities including execution levels, security, and the different "ilities, for example, convenience, dependability, and accessibility. Constantly, prerequisites definers get wrapped up in how the item/framework is relied upon to work and dismiss these additional components. In the above we have provided both the requirements that are non-functional and functional those are used in the system.   The proposed business solution have captured the information of customer, supplier and JOB. The new system is designed in such a way that it would be able to cater below functions from UI. Below we have provided the details of the UI that can be used for the solution of the proposed business and also the reports that are used in the UI so that we will have all the details at one place.  Ã‚   The new system required some cost to be implement below is the cost calculations Total time required to implement is about 500 hours at a rate of 120$ so final cost will be 60000$. Project is viable as the cost can be recovered within a years’ time so that the project will delivered successful. Here, we have explained the feasibility and also the cost and time that are needed for the execution of the project. By looking at that we will have all the details which will used in the project.   This project can be implemented in 2 modes I choose to prefer 2 nd option to implement the solution so that KIM can access the system from anywhere and also customer and suppliers can also be access the system and setting the data and making and receiving the payment from online system. We have described about both the 2 modes in the above which can be used in the project. Further maintenance is required for the above proposed solution as this system runs over internet so below could be the maintenance requirements Acme is using manual data entry in excels and paper work with some data in database so chances of mistakes can be higher and duplicating the data is another major concerns. This new system help them in getting the correct and real time view of stock and help them in generating more revenue and interacting with suppliers and customer on daily basis. So, here we have provided the revised DFD and all the updated tables with their primary keys and types of data so that we can distinguish between older and new version. Looking for an answer 'who will do my essay for cheap',

Houston Astros and Enron Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Houston Astros and Enron - Assignment Example As a prominent sports team with a large fan base, it is a force to be reckoned with in the sports of American baseball which is perhaps the most popular team sports in the United States and also a major part of the American culture as a pastime when families bond together. When its sponsor Enron Corporation suddenly collapsed back in 2001, the Houston Astros found themselves in the embarrassing position of being endorsed by an organization which symbolized corporate greed. It is the aim of this brief paper to examine the options available to the said sports team and as an illustrative case study on how to properly handle a seemingly public relations disaster. Discussion Professional sports today in America and elsewhere in the world is characterized by the increasing intrusion of commercialization through corporate sponsorship in the form of company advertisements and marketing promotions. American sports organizations are privately-owned teams and as such has to be managed well like any business enterprise and has to turn a profit for its owners. In this regard, many of such sports organizations have turned to corporate sponsors to earn much-needed additional revenues to offset higher expenses in the form of maintenance of its home stadium and to pay the often-exorbitant professional players' fees. In other words, the sports team owners are in a quandary of sorts, as they have to sacrifice the purity or sanctity of sports in favor of commercial ads to make their sports teams a viable on-going enterprise. There is a prevalent practice of selling the naming rights of a stadium to a corporation for a huge fee. Problem Definition – in the case of the Houston Astros, they had sold the naming rights for their new ball park to Enron Corporation for a 30-year period to the tune of $100 million and in turn, Enron was given all the rights to put up advertisements, banners, and all sorts of the paid endorsements accruing to the Houston Astros sports team, such as the opportunity to put Enron's name on all interior and exterior signages to include even the uniforms of game-day staff. A part of the deal included spending for a luxury suite and season box seats (Jensen & Butler, 2007, p. 28). When Enron collapsed, the sports team had to find a way to dissociate themselves from it. Case Analysis – the sudden collapse was an unprecedented event in American business history for it was the largest bankruptcy filing ever and worse, Enron represented the corporate scandal involving dubious accounting practices, insider trading, and other types of malfeasance. The Houston Astros found themselves in the uncomfortable position of being associated with the company most hated by Americans who lost their jobs, pensions, and life savings. Evaluation of Case Facts – the naming rights that Enron Corporation entered into with the management of the Houston Astros was a valid business contract but the extremely bad name or reputation that Enron soo n earned after its collapse when sordid wrongdoing came to public knowledge made it untenable for the sports team to continue with the contract because it is now a public relations crises in relation to its valued publics, in particular its avid sports fans. Consideration of Alternatives – Houston Astros has to find a way to get out of the now-useless contract with Enron as the corporation is in no position to honor its end of the bargain in terms of annual installment payment for the naming rights of the stadium. The sports team has to resort to the courts to discharge it from its obligations

The Pictorial Presentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Pictorial Presentation - Essay Example As the paper highlights because of these reasons, Darren was feeling that it is highly unethical to change the artwork of a country, change the tradition (involving men whereas traditionally it’s being done by the females) and satisfy them by just paying a handsome amount. Traditions and artifacts mostly represent the people of country, their rituals, history, important events etc. Changing the artifacts and traditions means changing the base of the country. This study outlines that generally, ethics are considered important for the success of any business. Basically ethics and seven step model recommends the concept of righteous of action. Righteous of action means that any task you do for any one it should be trustful. It should meet all required obligations. Every thing or deal made should be crystal clear.   One should make decisions regardless of differences of religion, age, sex and position. Ethics highly recommend the fair decisions, sense of responsibility of each other. Thus, ethical decisions should be made by keeping these all facts in mind. According to the seven step model, an organization should be trustful with its customers, internal and external members of the organization. If the company does not do this; it would be ethically wrong. Here, Darren should be trustful with Puna Native American’s. He should tell them the pros and cons of doing this commitment with the Artifacts, LTD i.e. tell Puna Native Americanà ¢â‚¬â„¢s that societies, countries became weak when their basic cultural symbols are change. Whereas, he did not did that as his boss wanted him to do so for the Fredrick and the profit of the company. According to the model Darren should motivate Fredrick and her boss to think on some other idea or plan.

Kierkegaard's account(s) of faith Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Kierkegaard's account(s) of faith - Essay Example His philosophy states that infinites passion is capable enough of overriding the seemingly impossible. It goes against the seemingly uncertain and the unlikely Even if there is objective uncertainty, infinite passion has the power to bring about change and make things happen. On the other hand the account of faith discussed by Johannes de Silentio in Fear and Trembling, through Knight of Faith, resides on the premise that through belief in the absurd, even the impossible can be made possible. This is intrinsic faith. We all believe in the absurd. What is absurd? It could be God, it could be the â€Å"universe conspiring for you to connect you with your goal, it could be a holy spiritual energy, it could be coincidence or anything which defies reason. Intrinsic Faith is a concept or a practise that can be cultivated through belief and conscious conviction about a thing happening or an event taking place successfully despite the mammoth obstacles in front. In case of Knight of Faith, he has resigned to the fact that he will never get the princess, but through faith, it is possible to get to his desired destiny. The power of faith is at its fullest application in connecting the Knight of Faith with his goal. ... These two philosophies of faith are different. According to the writer Pojman, the difference in the two account’s of faith, that of Kierkegaard and that of Johannes Climacus is perspective. Their perspectives are different. Kierkegaard writes with an insider-point of view about Christianity, whereas Climacus writes about it from the outside. However both agree on how one becomes a true Christian and on the matter of Christianity. (Sands 17) If a situation or a circumstance or an event is foreseen with infinite passion and belief in the absurd, it gathers positive energy from the ‘doer’ or ‘wisher’ as well as spiritual energy from the unknown power – God. If anything had to happen beyond predictable turn of events, defying reason it had to happen through positive belief in the divine power and through infinite passion. . (Sands 25) What objections might be made to Kierkegaard’s account(s) of faith, and how might he answer them? The objec tion that can be made to Kierkegaard’s account of faith is that by writing from the view-point of an unbeliever, Kierkegaard hoped to ‘beguile’ readers into recognising their own necessity to convert into Christianity. . (Sands 17) Another objection raised against Kierkegaard’s account of faith is â€Å"Kierkegaard's treatment of religious belief is that it fails to distinguish between someone who has a justified belief and someone who is insane.† (Philosophy of Religion 1) To this objection Kierkegaard would say that like existence itself, religious belief has no ultimate rational justification and therefore there is no way to distinguish it from reality. Kierkegaard would say that stage of infinite resignation is the last stage before faith. Therefore, anyone who has not made this movement,

Strategic Marketing Management of Nestle Analysis

Strategic Marketing Management of Nestle Analysis The purpose of this assignment is to evaluate the impact of organizational strategy in developing a marketing plan and to evaluate the component parts of a marketing plan. For this purpose a marketing plan for Nestle pure life (Bottled water by Nestle in Pakistan) is developed for understanding different components of marketing plan. Impact of Organizational Strategy on Market Plan It is very critical in todays highly competitive market to develop and adapt an approach that supports the organizations resources and nature of business. The strategy should be developed by keeping in mind all the available resources and should be so powerful that the product or service can outsell the competition. If the available resources are not considered while designing the strategies then it is quite possible that those resources will not be able to convert the inflow of customers in to profitable long term relationship. So it is very important to have a strategy that supports the resources and the expertise to implement it. Different organizations have different types of strategies, however most common are five significant strategies that affect the marketing plan of the organizations. Market Leadership Strategy If an organization has to maintain the position of market leadership then the marketing plan will be focused towards two main factors. First is to increase the market share and second is to keep intact the existing customers by providing them value to their money they are spending to buy the companys products of services (Kathryn, 2010). Market share can be increased by finding the new markets in other demographics or expanding in to the new locations. Another way to increase the market share is to attach the competitors market share through variety of strategies. Offering several value added services helps to keep the customers intact with the organization. In this case the marketing plan will focus towards the augmented features of the product or service. Market Challenger Strategy If the organizations strategy is to be a market challenger then the marketing plan will be focused towards the small unmet needs of the customers. The marketing plan will be very aggressive and the focus will be to increase the market share in small chunks and to target the customers by promoting those features which are fulfilling their unmet needs (Kathryn, 2010). Market Follower Strategy If an organization is following market follower strategy then the marketing plan will not be very aggressive (Dibb, 2001). The markets are already identified and researched by the competitors and the market plan will target those weak points which are left by the competitors and the better solutions will be provided to the customers. Market Niche Strategy Organizations can also divide the market in to small segments/chunks and prepare the marketing plan for each segment. This allows the organization to influence the customers more deeply with the marketing campaign as the focus is on a particular segment. For instance the marketing plan of a cosmetic can target the women between the age limit of 20-25 years. Alliance Strategy The organization can also form strategic alliances to increase the impact of the marketing plan. The strategic alliances enables the organization to offer new products or value added services to the customers and the marketing plan focuses on promoting the benefits of the alliance of the organization to the customers (Kotler, 2003). Component Parts of a Marketing Plan Marketing plan refers to that document which outlines the actions and details that are required to be undertaken in order to achieve one or more marketing objectives. Marketing plan can either be for a brand, or for a product or service or even for a whole product line. Marketing plans can cover the marketing objectives of up to five years and the marketing objectives are aligned with the organizational objectives. Following are the main components of a marketing plan. Situation Analysis Situation analysis is very important and initial part for developing a marketing plan. It explains and clarifies the current position of the organization in the market. This analysis should be done fairly by the organization as exaggerating the current market position in front of the management will ultimately give a failure at the end of marketing campaign. Situation Analysis involves external, internal and customers analysis (Ward, 2010). SWOT Analysis SWOT analysis is another major part of the marketing plan as it identifies the strengths and weaknesses of the organization and the opportunities and threats for the organization. It also helps to determine the current state of the organization, but it also adds the opportunities and threats to the organization which can be focused in the marketing plan (Dibb, 2001). Marketing Goals and Objectives After SWOT analysis the organization is in much better position to set the marketing objectives and goals. Goals are the overall accomplishment that is likely to be achieved by the organization and the objectives are the benchmarks which enables the organization to meet those goals (Ward, 2010). It is very important the goals and objectives should be realistic and should reflect the mission of the company. Marketing Strategies In marketing strategy the marketing mix and the target market is discussed. Product features, placement, pricing and distribution are the four main aspects of any product or service and the marketing plan contains the blend of these strategies and marketing strategy is designed keeping in mind the target audience (Kotler, 2003). Implementation Implementation planning is another important part of the marketing plan. At first it is described that what is required to be done internally in order to get success such as employee training, employees empowerment etc. for the success of market plan. Secondly, a month-by-month marketing calendar is prepared that guides the marketing activities. Evaluation and Control Evaluating the marketing plan is very important, as this helps to identify that what is to be done in future and what not. If the marketing plan is of 3 to 5 years then periodic evaluation is necessary as changing market conditions can be costly while sticking with the old techniques. Evaluation also helps to identify whether the plan is implemented properly. Threat to Nestle Pure Life Different threats and weaknesses for Nestle pure life are identified in the marketing plan, however, the most critical threat and weakness for the product is the current economic and political condition in Pakistan. This threat is for every business operating in Pakistan, however, Nestle pure life has direct affect to the economic situation of Pakistan. As the target market of Nestle pure life is upper and middle class and due to increasing ratio of unemployment and poverty the people are moving towards the usage of simple or boiled water as spending Rs. 35 for water is becoming unaffordable for majority of middle class people. Moreover, there are several other local brands which are not up to the mark, but they sell the brand to the local market by assuring them about the quality and purity which decreases the demand of high quality product like Nestle pure life. This causes a serious threat to the brand in near future (Rosemann, 2005). Nestle Pakistan Limited Marketing Plan Nestle Pure Life Executive Summary Its manufacturing facilities are located in Sheikhupura, Kabirwala, Islamabad and Karachi, Pakistan. Nestle provides mineral water to the customers with an objective to provide value to the customers. The companys main target market is those people who believe that tap water is not hygienic. The company enjoys the highest market share in the mineral water industry of Pakistan however Pepsis Aquafina has been giving tough competition to nestle pure life. 1 year Marketing plan for year 2011 is developed distributing each activity in different months. Situation Analysis Company Profile Nestle Pakistan Limited is a subsidiary of Nestle SA, a Switzerland based company, aimed to build a based on sound human values and principles. In 1992, Nestlà © was the first company to dare to launch a mineral water, in five different countries at once. Nestle Pakistan is engaged in the processing, manufacturing and sales of products such as dairy, culinary, confectionary and beverages. The major companys products include NIDO milk, NESVITA milk, MILKPACK milk and ice-cream, Fruit yogurt; Everyday creamed tea, Cerelac and Nestle mineral Water (Nestle pure life). Mission Statement Nestlà © believe that research can help to make better food so that people live a better life. Objectives This marketing plan considers the following objectives of organization for its product Nestle pure life: To maintain the position as Market Leader. Increase the Market share. Exceed customers expectations both in terms of product quality and service. Create awareness of benefit of PET bottles and approach in rural areas. SWOT Analysis SWOT analysis helps to understand the ability of the organization internally and externally (Lyndsay, 2010). Blow is the SWOT analysis of the company: Strengths Strong distribution channel Skilled Labour Educated Staff Large number of Offerings Strong Brand Name Strong Background of the company Easy to approach Weaknesses Small Target market Lack of awareness among the target market Dependency of other government and sponsors for the arrangement of events Opportunity Favorable weather conditions (Summer most of the time) People love to enjoy eating ice cream Few and Weak competitors Threats Major players may enter in the market Legal and ethical issues Local mineral water manufacturers Economic slowdown and bad political conditions Competitors Analysis Nestle Pure Life introduce the bottled water culture. No doubt Nestle pure life is currently a dominant leader in Pakistan market in Mineral water Industry. Nestle Pure Life is currently dominating more than 80% of bottled water market share (Rosemann, 2005), when Nestle Pure Life start its bottled water business in Pakistan way back in 1998 on that particular time AVA was the major competitor in the market, but after a time period of one year AVA was acquired by the Nestle Pure Life and now currently AVA is in the business of bulk water. There are different brands of bottled mineral water but the most famous are: Nestle Pure Life Aquafina Sufi Kinley For manufacturing and distributing mineral water in Pakistan the company has to obtain licenses and have to follow the rules and regulations of Pakistan Standard Quality Control Authority (PSQCA). Particular in Lahore, gourmet is giving a very tough competition to Nestle pure life as their price is less than Nestle pure life. Moreover, gourmet is approaching the other cities and rural areas of the country and possibly will emerge as a strong competitor of Nestle pure life in near future. There are also other competitors found within a local market which include Sparklet, Acqacare, Pure, Aafi, Oura, Aabshar and many other local brands, but their market share is very low as compare to the Nestle Pure Life. Macro Environmental Analysis The Macro-Environment forces, which include political, Social-Cultural and Economic forces, affect the overall performance of the brand (Kotler, 2003). Political instability always matter in a market situation, there should be an investment security. PSQCA has approved Nestle Pure Life; Nestle Pure Life is also promoting the culture of humanity and higher labor as many people from Pakistan have got job in the different parts of the world in Nestle Food. No doubt Nestle Pure Life is a market leader, but some of the government policies affecting the marketing strategy of Nestle Pure Life as government closed many several companies by saying that they are producing un approved water for the people of Pakistan in the name of mineral water, but such kind of situation doesnt affect any marketing strategy of Nestle Pure Life because it is producing a water according to the standard which is approved by World Health Organization WHO. As far as Social and Cultural forces are concerned now the people are realizing the need of bottled water especially in cities, as they are more health conscious as compare to the people of rural areas. But now the trend is changing gradually the people live in countryside they also realizing the need of Safe and Clean water, they know that health is wealth, as Nestle is a dominant factor so they are using Nestle Pure Life as their first choice. Target Market On the consumer side the Target Market is: People who believe that tap water are not hygienic People traveling by road on highways, railways and by air Tourists or foreigners Middle, Upper Middle and Elite class Students of school, college or universities On the Business side target market is High ways, Motorways, railway Stations Airports bus stops hotels etc. Educational Institutes of the city, where students might interact Shopping centers and Market places Departmental stores and bakeries, General stores and others etc. Restaurants and hotels Marketing Mix Product Nestle Pure Life offers not only pure water but also pure Life because water is life and also purity is life Nestle has always been the symbol of purity. Nestle pure water provides a balanced mineral formula (on Average 150-170 mg per liter) Price Another strategy for success may be applied by lowering the price of bottles including bulk water bottles to attract more and more customers who may switch to its direct or indirect substitutes 0.8 liter Rupees 18 1.5 liter Rupees 35 Placement Distribution should be done not only in urban areas but also the rural areas of the country. Distribution in small cities of the country is also one of the distribution strategies of Nestle Pure Life. Promotion Nestle Pure Life is using integrated marketing communication. The Company has adapted both Push and Pull strategies and using mass marketing by Advertising i.e. using different types of Medias like TV, radio, magazines, Sales Promotion i.e. sponsoring different events, using billboards and involves in different social activities. Implementation This action plan will carry out the marketing strategy and achieve the main Objectives of Nestle Pure Life through a variety of Scheduled programs. Following activities will be held during the year 2011 to promote the Nestle Pure Life. Activities Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Invoices Income Recovery Incomes Trade sale Promotion Regional Offices Lucky draws Free Offers Research Advertising Data Analysis Educate Dealers Concept for bottled water Implementation Press and pour Offer New Stores Commitment Award Specific promo Contingency Planning There is variety of risks involved in the marketing plan. Following are some of the risks and their mitigation strategies for the marketing plan of Nestle pure water. Wrong Market Information In Pakistani markets the availability of complete and authentic data is very difficult. There are very few government sources which provide the market information, but those also cannot be relied upon as the data collection is not known. In case the data or information taken from the governmental sources is found to be incorrect then the company will rely upon the data collected from surveys and past trends. Outsourcing If the internal resources are not able to meet the growing demand of the customers then the production will be outsourced, but the quality will not be sacrificed in any case. Mismatch of Projections If there is a mismatch of the financial projection then the efforts will be re-doubled and the focus will be on direct marketing. However, the other marketing expenses will not be cut down as it is very necessary to keep conveying the message across the target audience. Nestlà ©s Organizational Objectives and Marketing Plan The organizational objectives of Nestle Pakistan are aligned with the marketing plan. However the change in the market conditions result in the change in organizational objectives which also reflects the marketing plan. The marketing plan discussed above tries to meet the following organization objectives. Market Leadership Nestle pure life is holding a market leaders position at the moment in Pakistani bottled water market. The marketing plans objective is also to maintain this position and to increase the market share by targeting the rural areas along with the urban areas. For this the distribution network is planned to be stronger in small cities and villages. Safety The objective of the organization is to provide the customers with safe drinking water. Nestle brand provides the customers reassurance which they demand for fulfilling their most basic and important need. Marketing plan of Nestle pure life also focuses on educating the dealers and consumers directly about the benefits of mineral water. Healthy Product The formula developed for Nestle pure life contains minerals such as calcium, which is essential for bone development and promotion of this benefit through media and direct marketing team reflects in the marketing plan and fulfills this organizational objective. Affordable Mineral Water Another objective of the company is to provide the mineral water to the target customer at affordable prices. The prices of all the formats of the mineral water bottles are very affordable for the target market and that is the reason Nestle pure lifes market share is highest in Pakistan. Convenient availability Nestlà ©s objective is to make the mineral water available to the consumers almost everywhere. Marketing Plan of Nestle pure life target the customers at different location like railway station, schools, colleges, airports etc. which fulfills the product availability objective of the organization. Publicity and Promotion Strategy for Nestle Pure Life Nestle is using different strategies for the promotion and publicity for Nestle Pure life. Below is the brief description of all the strategies used by Nestle Pure Life. Push Strategy The company is using push strategy by using the sales force and promoting the product to the wholesalers and dealers. The Nestle cooler is one of the example in this regard as the dealers sells and provide the coolers with Nestle pure life brand and that promotes the product. This type of strategy is mostly used for the corporate clients like different companies, banks etc. in which the Nestle Pure Life branded coolers are placed and the bottles are refilled by the dealers/company representatives periodically. Pull Strategy The company is also using pull strategy by directly communicating to the consumers through high advertisement through different channels. This results in the walk-in of the customers in the outlets and other distribution channels asking for the product. Above the Line (ATL) Company advertise above the line by using different TV channels, radio, newspapers, billboards etc. Below the Line (BTL) Company advertise below the line as well by distributing the fliers, through internet (Facebook), placing outlets at roadsides etc. Mass Marketing The company is also using Mass marketing where the whole market is communicated the same product. The company through different media channels communicates to all the market of Pakistan by ignoring the segments and target market as being human beings all the people are the potential customers of the product. Integrated Marketing Communication The company also assures that all the features and benefits of the product are communicated to the customers. Through advertisement campaigns the company conveys a message of purity and safety to the customers and also explains the ingredients of the product which are beneficial for the human body.